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Published June 1981 | Published
Journal Article Open

Ferromagnetic crystals (magnetite?) in human tissue

Abstract

In recent years, a variety of animals have been found which are able to synthesize the ferromagnetic mineral magnetite (Fe3O4). Lowenstam (1962) originally recognized biogenic magnetite in the radular teeth of a primitive marine mollusc, the chiton (Polyplacophora), and since then it has been identified as a precipitate in several magnetically sensitive organisms, including honey bees (Gould, Kirschvink & Deffeyes, 1978), homing pigeons (Walcott, Gould & Kirschvink, 1979) and in magnetotactic bacteria (Frankel, Blakemore & Wolfe, 1979). Zoeger, Dunn & Fuller (1980) also report a localized concentration of magnetite in dolphin heads, although magnetosensory behavioural experiments have not as yet been done on them. Magnetite is biologically unique because it is both ferromagnetic and conducts electricity like a metal; consequently it interacts strongly with magnetic and electric fields. Due to the numerous industrial and research environments which expose people to artificially intense electromagnetic conditions, it is of importance to know whether or not this material might exist in human tissue. Kirschvink & Gould (1980) have argued that there are probably one or more non-sensory metabolic functions for magnetite from which specialized magnetoreceptors could have evolved; consequently one might expect to find small amounts of magnetite in all animals, including humans. In an attempt to partially answer this question, I searched for magnetic remanence in four intact human adrenal glands which had been removed during autopsy and were frozen quickly in non-magnetic containers. Results of this analysis are shown on Fig. 1. Indeed, there is a measurable amount of high-coercivity ferromagnetic material present which appears to be finely disseminated throughout the tissue. Between 1 and 10 million single-domain magnetite crystals per gram would be necessary to account for the observed magnetic remanence. Although these measurements do not uniquely identify the crystal phase as magnetite, no other ferromagnetic minerals have ever been observed as biologic precipitates. Positive identification, of course, awaits the development of magnetic separation techniques capable of isolating and purifying these submicroscopic crystals. Barnothy & Sümegi (1969) have shown that mouse adrenals are particularly prone to degeneration in moderately strong magnetic fields; this effect might be due to the presence of magnetite.

Additional Information

Published by Company of Biologists 1981. {Received 15 August 1980) I thank C. Denham and V. Schmidt for use of their palaeomagnetic laboratories, and J.L. Gould, A.G. Fischer and M.E. Purucker for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by NSF grant SP 179-14845.

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August 22, 2023
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