Are There Differences between the Stress Responses of Philippine Men and Women to the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on human health since its beginning in 2019. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and determine if there were differential impacts on women compared to men. A web-based survey was conducted in the Luzon Islands of the Philippines, during the pandemic quarantine. A total of 1879 participants completed online surveys between 28 March–12 April 2020. A bivariate analysis of both men and women for each psychological measure (stress, anxiety, depression, and impact of COVID-19) was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression models were built for each measure, dichotomized as high or low, separately for men and women. Younger age (p < 0.001), being married (p < 0.001), and being a parent (p < 0.004) were associated with women's poor mental health. Marriage and large household size are protective factors for men (p < 0.002 and p < 0.0012, respectively), but marriage may be a risk factor for women (p < 0.001). Overall, women were disproportionately negatively impacted by the pandemic compared to men.
Additional Information
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Divya Periyakoil completed this work while a Master of Public Health Student and Bloomberg American Health Initiative Fellow at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, MD. This research is partially funded by the University of California, Berkeley Regents' and Chancellor's Research Grant to Divya Periyakoil. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.P. and N.P.; methodology, D.P. and N.P.; software, D.P.; validation, D.P. and N.P.; formal analysis, D.P., N.P., and M.D.-W.; investigation, D.P. and N.P.; resources, N.P. and C.J.S.; data curation, D.P., N.P., M.T., C.A.T.; writing—original draft preparation, D.P. and P.P.; writing—review and editing, D.P., P.P., N.P., M.T., C.A.T., M.D.-W.; visualization, D.P. and N.P.; supervision, N.P. and C.J.S.; project administration, N.P.; funding acquisition, D.P. and N.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University of the Philippines Manila (UPMREB 2020-198-01). Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Data Availability Statement: Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data was obtained from the University of the Philippines, Manila and are available at the discretion of the data curators. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Attached Files
Published - ijerph-20-02326-v2.pdf
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Additional details
- PMCID
- PMC9915070
- Eprint ID
- 122524
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20230725-706050000.31
- University of California, Berkeley
- Created
-
2023-08-14Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
-
2023-08-14Created from EPrint's last_modified field
- Caltech groups
- COVID-19