Euclid: Testing the Copernican principle with next-generation surveys

Creators: Camarena, D.; Marra, V.; Sakr, Z.; Nesseris, S.; Da Silva, A.; García-Bellido, J.; Fleury, P.; Lombriser, L.; Martinelli, M.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Mimoso, J.; Sapone, D.; Clarkson, C.; Camera, S.; Carbone, C.; Casas, S.; Ilić, S.; Pettorino, V.; Tutusaus, I.; Aghanim, N.; Altieri, B.; Amara, A.; Auricchio, N.; Baldi, M.; Bonino, D.; Branchini, E.; Brescia, M.; Brinchmann, J.; Candini, G. P.; Capobianco, V.; Carretero, J.; Castellano, M.; Cavuoti, S.; Cimatti, A.; Cledassou, R.; Congedo, G.; Conversi, L.; Copin, Y.; Corcione, L.; Courbin, F.; Cropper, M.; Degaudenzi, H.; Dubath, F.; Duncan, C. A. J.; Dupac, X.; Dusini, S.; Ealet, A.; Farrens, S.; Fosalba, P.; Frailis, M.; Franceschi, E.; Fumana, M.; Garilli, B.; Gillis, B.; Giocoli, C.; Grazian, A.; Grupp, F.; Haugan, S. V. H.; Holmes, W.; Hormuth, F.; Hornstrup, A.; Jahnke, K.; Kiessling, A.; Kohley, R.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Lilje, P. B.; Lloro, I.; Mansutti, O.; Marggraf, O.; Marulli, F.; Massey, R.; Meneghetti, M.; Merlin, E.; Meylan, G.; Moresco, M.; Moscardini, L.; Munari, E.; Niemi, S. M.; Padilla, C.; Paltani, S.; Pasian, F.; Pedersen, K.; Polenta, G.; Poncet, M.; Popa, L.; Pozzetti, L.; Raison, F.; Rebolo, R.; Rhodes, J.; Riccio, G.; Rix, H.-W.; Rossetti, E.; Saglia, R.; Sartoris, B.; Secroun, A.; Seidel, G.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Stanco, L.; Surace, C.; Tallada-Crespí, P.; Taylor, A. N.; Tereno, I.; Toledo-Moreo, R.; Torradeflot, F.; Valentijn, E. A.; Valenziano, L.; Wang, Y.; Zamorani, G.; Zoubian, J.; Andreon, S.; Scottez, V.; Tenti, M.; Euclid Consortium

Abstract

Context. The Copernican principle, the notion that we are not at a special location in the Universe, is one of the cornerstones of modern cosmology. Its violation would invalidate the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, causing a major change in our understanding of the Universe. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to perform observational tests of this principle. Aims. We determine the precision with which future surveys will be able to test the Copernican principle and their ability to detect any possible violations. Methods. We forecast constraints on the inhomogeneous Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model with a cosmological constant Λ, basically a cosmological constant Λ and cold dark matter (CDM) model but endowed with a spherical inhomogeneity. We consider combinations of currently available data and simulated Euclid data, together with external data products, based on both ΛCDM and ΛLTB fiducial models. These constraints are compared to the expectations from the Copernican principle. Results. When considering the ΛCDM fiducial model, we find that Euclid data, in combination with other current and forthcoming surveys, will improve the constraints on the Copernican principle by about 30%, with ±10% variations depending on the observables and scales considered. On the other hand, when considering a ΛLTB fiducial model, we find that future Euclid data, combined with other current and forthcoming datasets, will be able to detect gigaparsec-scale inhomogeneities of contrast −0.1. Conclusions. Next-generation surveys, such as Euclid, will thoroughly test homogeneity at large scales, tightening the constraints on possible violations of the Copernican principle.

Additional Information

© The Authors 2023. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication. D.C. thanks CAPES for financial support. V.M. thanks C.N.Pq. and FAPES for partial financial support. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 888258. J.G.B., M.M. and S.N. acknowledge support from the research project PGC2018-094773-B-C32, and the Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) through the Grant IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa No. CEX2020-001007-S, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. L.L. was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Professorship grant (Nos. 170547 and 202671). The work of CJAPM work was financed by FEDER–Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020–Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987 and PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017. M.M. also received support from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), with fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI19/11690015. D.S. acknowledges financial support from the Fondecyt Regular project number 1200171. Ad.S. acknowledges the support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the Investigador FCT Contract No. IF/01135/2015 and POCH/FSE (EC) and in the form of an exploratory project with the same reference. J.P.M. and Ad.S. acknowledge the support from FCT Projects with references EXPL/FIS-AST/1368/2021, PTDC/FIS-AST/0054/2021, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, CERN/FIS-PAR/0037/2019, PTDC/FIS-OUT/29048/2017. This work made use of the CHE cluster, managed and funded by COSMO/CBPF/MCTI, with financial support from FINEP and FAPERJ, and operating at the Javier Magnin Computing Center/CBPF. This work also made use of the Virgo Cluster at Cosmo-ufes/UFES, which is funded by FAPES and administrated by Renan Alves de Oliveira. The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development of Euclid, in particular the Academy of Finland, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, the Danish Space Research Institute, the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on the Euclid website (http://www.euclid-ec.org).

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