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Published September 6, 2022 | Supplemental Material + Published
Journal Article Open

Ultrafast and hypersensitive phase imaging of propagating internodal current flows in myelinated axons and electromagnetic pulses in dielectrics

Abstract

Many ultrafast phenomena in biology and physics are fundamental to our scientific understanding but have not yet been visualized owing to the extreme speed and sensitivity requirements in imaging modalities. Two examples are the propagation of passive current flows through myelinated axons and electromagnetic pulses through dielectrics, which are both key to information processing in living organisms and electronic devices. Here, we demonstrate differentially enhanced compressed ultrafast photography (Diff-CUP) to directly visualize propagations of passive current flows at approximately 100 m/s along internodes, i.e., continuous myelinated axons between nodes of Ranvier, from Xenopus laevis sciatic nerves and of electromagnetic pulses at approximately 5 × 10⁷ m/s through lithium niobate. The spatiotemporal dynamics of both propagation processes are consistent with the results from computational models, demonstrating that Diff-CUP can span these two extreme timescales while maintaining high phase sensitivity. With its ultrahigh speed (picosecond resolution), high sensitivity, and noninvasiveness, Diff-CUP provides a powerful tool for investigating ultrafast biological and physical phenomena.

Additional Information

© The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. We thank Dr. Lei Li for discussion and assistance with preparing the animal protocol. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01 NS102213, U01 NS099717, R35 CA220436 (Outstanding Investigator Award), and R01 EB028277. Work in the laboratory of W.G.D. was supported by NIH R01 GM043974. Author contributions. Y.Z., B.S., T.W., and P.W. built the Diff-CUP system. Y.Z. and B.S. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and prepared the manuscript. Y.Z. performed the frog surgeries and axon dissection procedures. B.S. built the simulation models of internodal current flows and EMPs. J.Z. assisted with the axon dissections and the neural stimulation experiments. J.C.J. and P.W. assisted with the system construction and image reconstruction. K.S. and W.G.D. provided housing facility and care for the Xenopus laevis. D.G. and K.M. built the microstrip line. K.M. built the heat sinks for the power amplifiers. W.W. provided instructions on preparing the myelinated axons and analyzed the biological data. L.V.W. conceived the concept and supervised the project. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. These authors contributed equally: Yide Zhang, Binglin Shen. Data availability. All data are available within the Article and Supplementary Information, or available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Code availability. All custom codes used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests. L.V.W. has a patent for the CUP technology, WO2016085571A3. The other authors declare no competing interests.

Attached Files

Published - 41467_2022_Article_33002.pdf

Supplemental Material - 41467_2022_33002_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplemental Material - 41467_2022_33002_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Supplemental Material - 41467_2022_33002_MOESM3_ESM.avi

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Supplemental Material - 41467_2022_33002_MOESM5_ESM.avi

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Additional details

Created:
August 22, 2023
Modified:
December 22, 2023