Published June 15, 2022 | Submitted + Published
Journal Article Open

All-sky, all-frequency directional search for persistent gravitational waves from Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs

Abbott, R.
Abbott, T. D.
Acernese, F.
Ackley, K.
Adams, C.
Adhikari, N.
Adhikari, R. X. ORCID icon
Adya, V. B.
Affeldt, C.
Agarwal, D.
Agathos, M.
Agatsuma, K.
Aggarwal, N.
Aguiar, O. D.
Aiello, L.
Ain, A.
Ajith, P.
Akutsu, T.
Albanesi, S.
Allocca, A.
Altin, P. A.
Amato, A.
Anand, C.
Anand, S. ORCID icon
Ananyeva, A.
Anderson, S. B. ORCID icon
Anderson, W. G.
Ando, M.
Andrade, T.
Andres, N.
Andrić, T.
Angelova, S. V.
Ansoldi, S.
Antelis, J. M.
Antier, S.
Appert, S.
Arai, Koji ORCID icon
Arai, Koya
Arai, Y.
Araki, S.
Araya, A.
Araya, M. C. ORCID icon
Areeda, J. S.
Arène, M.
Aritomi, N.
Arnaud, N.
Aronson, S. M.
Arun, K. G.
Asada, H.
Asali, Y.
Ashton, G.
Aso, Y.
Assiduo, M.
Aston, S. M.
Astone, P.
Aubin, F.
Austin, C.
Babak, S.
Badaracco, F. ORCID icon
Bader, M. K. M.
Badger, C.
Bae, S.
Bae, Y.
Baer, A. M.
Bagnasco, S.
Bai, Y.
Baiotti, L.
Baird, J.
Bajpai, R.
Ball, M.
Ballardin, G.
Ballmer, S. W.
Balsamo, A.
Baltus, G.
Banagiri, S.
Bankar, D.
Barayoga, J. C.
Barbieri, C.
Barish, B. C. ORCID icon
Barker, D.
Barneo, P.
Barone, F.
Barr, B.
Barsotti, L.
Barsuglia, M.
Barta, D.
Bartlett, J.
Barton, M. A.
Bartos, I.
Bassiri, R.
Basti, A.
Bawaj, M.
Bayley, J. C.
Baylor, A. C.
Bazzan, M.
Bécsy, B.
Bedakihale, V. M.
Bejger, M.
Belahcene, I.
Benedetto, V.
Beniwal, D.
Bennett, T. F.
Bentley, J. D.
BenYaala, M.
Bergamin, F.
Berger, B. K.
Bernuzzi, S.
Bersanetti, D.
Bertolini, A.
Betzwieser, J.
Beveridge, D.
Bhandare, R.
Bhardwaj, U.
Bhattacharjee, D.
Bhaumik, S.
Bilenko, I. A.
Billingsley, G. ORCID icon
Bini, S.
Birney, R.
Birnholtz, O.
Biscans, S. ORCID icon
Bischi, M.
Biscoveanu, S. ORCID icon
Bisht, A.
Biswas, B.
Bitossi, M.
Bizouard, M.-A. ORCID icon
Blackburn, J. K. ORCID icon
Blair, C. D.
Blair, D. G.
Blair, R. M.
Bobba, F.
Bode, N.
Boer, M.
Bogaert, G.
Boldrini, M.
Bonavena, L. D.
Bondu, F.
Bonilla, E.
Bonnand, R.
Booker, P.
Boom, B. A.
Bork, R.
Boschi, V.
Bose, N.
Bose, S.
Bossilkov, V.
Boudart, V.
Bouffanais, Y.
Bozzi, A.
Bradaschia, C.
Brady, P. R.
Bramley, A.
Branch, A.
Branchesi, M.
Brau, J. E.
Breschi, M.
Briant, T.
Briggs, J. H.
Brillet, A.
Brinkmann, M.
Brockill, P.
Brooks, A. F. ORCID icon
Brooks, J.
Brown, D. D.
Brunett, S.
Bruno, G.
Bruntz, R.
Bryant, J.
Bulik, T.
Bulten, H. J.
Buonanno, A. ORCID icon
Buscicchio, R. ORCID icon
Buskulic, D.
Buy, C.
Byer, R. L.
Cadonati, L.
Cagnoli, G.
Cahillane, C. ORCID icon
Calderón Bustillo, J. ORCID icon
Callaghan, J. D.
Callister, T. A.
Calloni, E.
Cameron, J.
Camp, J. B.
Canepa, M. ORCID icon
Canevarolo, S.
Cannavacciuolo, M.
Cannon, K. C.
Cao, H.
Cao, Z.
Capocasa, E.
Capote, E.
Carapella, G.
Carbognani, F.
Carlin, J. B.
Carney, M. F.
Carpinelli, M.
Carrillo, G.
Carullo, G.
Carver, T. L.
Casanueva Diaz, J.
Casentini, C.
Castaldi, G.
Caudill, S.
Cavaglià, M.
Cavalier, F.
Cavalieri, R.
Ceasar, M.
Cella, G.
Cerdá-Durán, P.
Cesarini, E.
Chaibi, W.
Chakravarti, K.
Chalathadka Subrahmanya, S. ORCID icon
Champion, E.
Chan, C.-H.
Chan, C.
Chan, C. L.
Chan, K.
Chan, M.
Chandra, K.
Chanial, P.
Chao, S.
Charlton, P.
Chase, E. A.
Chassande-Mottin, E. ORCID icon
Chatterjee, C.
Chatterjee, Debarati
Chatterjee, Deep ORCID icon
Chaturvedi, M.
Chaty, S.
Chen, C.
Chen, H. Y.
Chen, J.
Chen, K.
Chen, X.
Chen, Y. ORCID icon
Chen, Y.-R.
Chen, Z.
Cheng, H.
Cheong, C. K.
Cheung, H. Y.
Chia, H. Y.
Chiadini, F.
Chiang, C.-Y. ORCID icon
Chiarini, G.
Chierici, R.
Chincarini, A.
Chiofalo, M. L.
Chiummo, A.
Cho, G.
Cho, H. S.
Choudhary, R. K.
Choudhary, S.
Christensen, N. ORCID icon
Chu, H.
Chu, Q.
Chu, Y.-K.
Chua, S.
Chung, K. W.
Ciani, G.
Ciecielag, P.
Cieślar, M. ORCID icon
Cifaldi, M.
Ciobanu, A. A. ORCID icon
Ciolfi, R.
Cipriano, F.
Cirone, A.
Clara, F.
Clark, E. N.
Clark, J. A. ORCID icon
Clarke, L.
Clearwater, P.
Clesse, S.
Cleva, F.
Coccia, E.
Codazzo, E.
Cohadon, P.-F. ORCID icon
Cohen, D. E.
Cohen, L.
Colleoni, M.
Collette, C. G.
Colombo, A.
Colpi, M.
Compton, C. M.
Constancio, M.
Conti, L.
Cooper, S. J.
Corban, P.
Corbitt, T. R.
Cordero-Carrión, I. ORCID icon
Corezzi, S.
Corley, K. R.
Cornish, N.
Corre, D.
Corsi, A.
Cortese, S.
Costa, C. A.
Cotesta, R.
Coughlin, M. W. ORCID icon
Coulon, J.-P.
Countryman, S. T.
Cousins, B.
Couvares, P. ORCID icon
Coward, D. M.
Cowart, M. J.
Coyne, D. C. ORCID icon
Coyne, R.
Creighton, J. D. E. ORCID icon
Creighton, T. D.
Criswell, A. W.
Croquette, M.
Crowder, S. G.
Cudell, J. R.
Cullen, T. J.
Cumming, A.
Cummings, R.
Cunningham, L.
Cuoco, E.
Curyło, M.
Dabadie, P.
Dal Canton, T. ORCID icon
Dall'Osso, S.
Dálya, G.
Dana, A.
DaneshgaranBajastani, L. M.
D'Angelo, B.
Danilishin, S.
D'Antonio, S.
Danzmann, K.
Darsow-Fromm, C. ORCID icon
Dasgupta, A.
Datrier, L. E. H. ORCID icon
Datta, S.
Dattilo, V.
Dave, I.
Davier, M.
Davies, G. S.
Davis, D. ORCID icon
Davis, M. C.
Daw, E. J.
Dean, R.
DeBra, D.
Deenadayalan, M.
Degallaix, J. ORCID icon
De Laurentis, M. ORCID icon
Deléglise, S. ORCID icon
Del Favero, V.
De Lillo, F. ORCID icon
De Lillo, N. ORCID icon
Del Pozzo, W. ORCID icon
DeMarchi, L. M. ORCID icon
De Matteis, F. ORCID icon
D'Emilio, V.
Demos, N.
Dent, T.
Depasse, A. ORCID icon
De Pietri, R. ORCID icon
De Rosa, R. ORCID icon
De Rossi, C.
DeSalvo, R. ORCID icon
De Simone, R. ORCID icon
Dhurandhar, S.
Díaz, M. C.
Diaz-Ortiz, M.
Didio, N. A.
Dietrich, T.
Di Fiore, L.
Di Fronzo, C.
Di Giorgio, C. ORCID icon
Di Giovanni, F. ORCID icon
Di Giovanni, M.
Di Girolamo, T. ORCID icon
Di Lieto, A. ORCID icon
Ding, B.
Di Pace, S. ORCID icon
Di Palma, I. ORCID icon
Di Renzo, F. ORCID icon
Divakarla, A. K.
Dmitriev, A.
Doctor, Z.
D'Onofrio, L.
Donovan, F.
Dooley, K. L.
Doravari, S.
Dorrington, I.
Drago, M.
Driggers, J. C.
Drori, Y. ORCID icon
Ducoin, J.-G.
Dupej, P.
Durante, O.
D'Urso, D.
Duverne, P.-A.
Dwyer, S. E.
Eassa, C.
Easter, P. J.
Ebersold, M.
Eckhardt, T.
Eddolls, G.
Edelman, B.
Edo, T. B. ORCID icon
Edy, O.
Effler, A.
Eguchi, S.
Eichholz, J.
Eikenberry, S. S. ORCID icon
Eisenmann, M.
Eisenstein, R. A.
Ejlli, A.
Engelby, E.
Enomoto, Y.
Errico, L.
Essick, R. C.
Estellés, H.
Estevez, D.
Etienne, Z.
Etzel, T.
Evans, M.
Evans, T. M.
Ewing, B. E.
Fafone, V.
Fair, H.
Fairhurst, S.
Farah, A. M.
Farinon, S.
Farr, B.
Farr, W. M.
Farrow, N. W.
Fauchon-Jones, E. J. ORCID icon
Favaro, G.
Favata, M.
Fays, M.
Fazio, M.
Feicht, J. ORCID icon
Fejer, M. M. ORCID icon
Fenyvesi, E.
Ferguson, D. L.
Fernandez-Galiana, A. ORCID icon
Ferrante, I.
Ferreira, T. A.
Fidecaro, F.
Figura, P.
Fiori, I.
Fishbach, M.
Fisher, R. P.
Fittipaldi, R.
Fiumara, V.
Flaminio, R.
Floden, E.
Fong, H.
Font, J. A.
Fornal, B.
Forsyth, P. W. F.
Franke, A.
Frasca, S.
Frasconi, F. ORCID icon
Frederick, C.
Freed, J. P.
Frei, Z.
Freise, A.
Frey, R.
Fritschel, P. ORCID icon
Frolov, V. V.
Fronzé, G. G. ORCID icon
Fujii, Y.
Fujikawa, Y.
Fukunaga, M.
Fukushima, M.
Fulda, P.
Fyffe, M.
Gabbard, H. A.
Gadre, B. U.
Gair, J. R.
Gais, J.
Galaudage, S.
Gamba, R.
Ganapathy, D.
Ganguly, A.
Gao, D.
Gaonkar, S. G.
Garaventa, B.
García-Núñez, C.
García-Quirós, C. ORCID icon
Garufi, F.
Gateley, B.
Gaudio, S.
Gayathri, V.
Ge, G.-G.
Gemme, G.
Gennai, A.
George, J.
Gerberding, O.
Gergely, L.
Gewecke, P.
Ghonge, S.
Ghosh, Abhirup
Ghosh, Archisman ORCID icon
Ghosh, Shaon
Ghosh, Shrobana
Giacomazzo, B.
Giacoppo, L.
Giaime, J. A.
Giardina, K. D.
Gibson, D. R.
Gier, C.
Giesler, M.
Giri, P.
Gissi, F.
Glanzer, J.
Gleckl, A. E.
Godwin, P.
Goetz, E.
Goetz, R.
Gohlke, N.
Goncharov, B.
González, G.
Gopakumar, A.
Gosselin, M.
Gouaty, R.
Gould, D. W.
Grace, B.
Grado, A.
Granata, M.
Granata, V.
Grant, A.
Gras, S.
Grassia, P.
Gray, C.
Gray, R.
Greco, G.
Green, A. C.
Green, R.
Gretarsson, A. M.
Gretarsson, E. M.
Griffith, D.
Griffiths, W.
Griggs, H. L.
Grignani, G.
Grimaldi, A.
Grimm, S. J.
Grote, H.
Grunewald, S.
Gruning, P.
Guerra, D.
Guidi, G. M.
Guimaraes, A. R.
Guixé, G.
Gulati, H. K.
Guo, H.-K.
Guo, Y.
Gupta, Anchal ORCID icon
Gupta, Anuradha
Gupta, P.
Gustafson, E. K.
Gustafson, R.
Guzman, F.
Ha, S.
Haegel, L.
Hagiwara, A.
Haino, S.
Halim, O.
Hall, E. D.
Hamilton, E. Z.
Hammond, G.
Han, W.-B.
Haney, M.
Hanks, J.
Hanna, C.
Hannam, M. D.
Hannuksela, O.
Hansen, H.
Hansen, T. J.
Hanson, J.
Harder, T.
Hardwick, T.
Haris, K.
Harms, J.
Harry, G. M.
Harry, I. W.
Hartwig, D.
Hasegawa, K.
Haskell, B.
Hasskew, R. K.
Haster, C.-J.
Hattori, K.
Haughian, K.
Hayakawa, H.
Hayama, K.
Hayes, F. J.
Healy, J.
Heidmann, A.
Heidt, A.
Heintze, M. C.
Heinze, J.
Heinzel, J.
Heitmann, H.
Hellman, F.
Hello, P.
Helmling-Cornell, A. F. ORCID icon
Hemming, G.
Hendry, M.
Heng, I. S.
Hennes, E.
Hennig, J.
Hennig, M. H.
Hernandez, A. G.
Hernandez Vivanco, F. ORCID icon
Heurs, M.
Hild, S.
Hill, P.
Himemoto, Y.
Hines, A. S.
Hiranuma, Y.
Hirata, N.
Hirose, E.
Hochheim, S.
Hofman, D.
Hohmann, J. N.
Holcomb, D. G.
Holland, N. A.
Hollows, I. J.
Holmes, Z. J.
Holt, K.
Holz, D. E.
Hong, Z.
Hopkins, P.
Hough, J.
Hourihane, S. ORCID icon
Howell, E. J.
Hoy, C. G.
Hoyland, D.
Hreibi, A.
Hsieh, B.-H.
Hsu, Y.
Huang, G.-Z.
Huang, H-Y.
Huang, P.
Huang, Y.-C.
Huang, Y.-J.
Huang, Y.
Hübner, M. T.
Huddart, A. D.
Hughey, B.
Hui, D. C. Y.
Hui, V.
Husa, S.
Huttner, S. H.
Huxford, R.
Huynh-Dinh, T.
Ide, S.
Idzkowski, B.
Iess, A.
Ikenoue, B.
Imam, S.
Inayoshi, K.
Ingram, C.
Inoue, Y.
Ioka, K.
Isi, M.
Isleif, K.
Ito, K.
Itoh, Y.
Iyer, B. R.
Izumi, K.
JaberianHamedan, V. ORCID icon
Jacqmin, T.
Jadhav, S. J.
Jadhav, S. P.
James, A. L.
Jan, A. Z.
Jani, K.
Janquart, J.
Janssens, K.
Janthalur, N. N.
Jaranowski, P. ORCID icon
Jariwala, D.
Jaume, R.
Jenkins, A. C.
Jenner, K.
Jeon, C.
Jeunon, M.
Jia, W.
Jin, H.-B.
Johns, G. R.
Jones, A. W.
Jones, D. I.
Jones, J. D.
Jones, P.
Jones, R.
Jonker, R. J. G.
Ju, L.
Jung, P.
Jung, k.
Junker, J.
Juste, V.
Kaihotsu, K.
Kajita, T.
Kakizaki, M.
Kalaghatgi, C. V.
Kalogera, V.
Kamai, B. ORCID icon
Kamiizumi, M.
Kanda, N.
Kandhasamy, S.
Kang, G.
Kanner, J. B. ORCID icon
Kao, Y.
Kapadia, S. J.
Kapasi, D. P.
Karat, S.
Karathanasis, C.
Karki, S.
Kashyap, R.
Kasprzack, M. ORCID icon
Kastaun, W.
Katsanevas, S.
Katsavounidis, E.
Katzman, W.
Kaur, T.
Kawabe, K.
Kawaguchi, K.
Kawai, N.
Kawasaki, T.
Kéfélian, F.
Keitel, D.
Key, J. S.
Khadka, S.
Khalili, F. Y.
Khan, S.
Khazanov, E. A.
Khetan, N.
Khursheed, M.
Kijbunchoo, N. ORCID icon
Kim, C.
Kim, J. C.
Kim, J.
Kim, K.
Kim, W. S.
Kim, Y.-M.
Kimball, C.
Kimura, N.
Kinley-Hanlon, M. ORCID icon
Kirchhoff, R.
Kissel, J. S. ORCID icon
Kita, N.
Kitazawa, H.
Kleybolte, L.
Klimenko, S.
Knee, A. M.
Knowles, T. D.
Knyazev, E.
Koch, P.
Koekoek, G.
Kojima, Y.
Kokeyama, K.
Koley, S.
Kolitsidou, P.
Kolstein, M.
Komori, K.
Kondrashov, V.
Kong, A. K. H. ORCID icon
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Koper, N.
Korobko, M.
Kotake, K.
Kovalam, M.
Kozak, D. B. ORCID icon
Kozakai, C.
Kozu, R.
Kringel, V.
Krishnendu, N. V.
Królak, A.
Kuehn, G.
Kuei, F.
Kuijer, P.
Kumar, A.
Kumar, P.
Kumar, Rahul
Kumar, Rakesh
Kume, J.
Kuns, K.
Kuo, C.
Kuo, H-S.
Kuromiya, Y.
Kuroyanagi, S.
Kusayanagi, K.
Kuwahara, S.
Kwak, K.
Lagabbe, P.
Laghi, D.
Lalande, E.
Lam, T. L.
Lamberts, A.
Landry, M.
Lane, B. B.
Lang, R. N.
Lange, J.
Lantz, B.
La Rosa, I.
Lartaux-Vollard, A.
Lasky, P. D.
Laxen, M.
Lazzarini, A. ORCID icon
Lazzaro, C.
Leaci, P.
Leavey, S.
Lecoeuche, Y. K.
Lee, H. K.
Lee, H. M.
Lee, H. W.
Lee, J.
Lee, K.
Lee, R.
Lehmann, J.
Lemaître, A.
Leonardi, M.
Leroy, N.
Letendre, N.
Levesque, C.
Levin, Y.
Leviton, J. N.
Leyde, K.
Li, A. K. Y. ORCID icon
Li, B.
Li, J.
Li, K. L.
Li, T. G. F.
Li, X.
Lin, C.-Y.
Lin, F-K.
Lin, F-L.
Lin, H. L.
Lin, L. C.-C.
Linde, F.
Linker, S. D.
Linley, J. N.
Littenberg, T. B.
Liu, G. C.
Liu, J.
Liu, K.
Liu, X.
Llamas, F.
Llorens-Monteagudo, M. ORCID icon
Lo, R. K. L. ORCID icon
Lockwood, A.
London, L. T.
Longo, A.
Lopez, D.
Lopez Portilla, M.
Lorenzini, M.
Loriette, V.
Lormand, M.
Losurdo, G.
Lott, T. P.
Lough, J. D.
Lousto, C. O.
Lovelace, G. ORCID icon
Lucaccioni, J. F.
Lück, H.
Lumaca, D.
Lundgren, A. P.
Luo, L.-W.
Lynam, J. E.
Macas, R.
MacInnis, M.
Macleod, D. M.
MacMillan, I. A. O. ORCID icon
Macquet, A.
Magaña Hernandez, I. ORCID icon
Magazzù, C. ORCID icon
Magee, Ryan ORCID icon
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Mahesh, S.
Majorana, E.
Makarem, C. ORCID icon
Maksimovic, I.
Maliakal, S.
Malik, A.
Man, N.
Mandic, V.
Mangano, V.
Mango, J. L.
Mansell, G. L.
Manske, M.
Mantovani, M.
Mapelli, M.
Marchesoni, F.
Marchio, M.
Marion, F.
Mark, Z.
Márka, S.
Márka, Z.
Markakis, C.
Markosyan, A. S.
Markowitz, A. ORCID icon
Maros, E.
Marquina, A.
Marsat, S.
Martelli, F.
Martin, I. W.
Martin, R. M.
Martinez, M.
Martinez, V. A.
Martinez, V.
Martinovic, K.
Martynov, D. V.
Marx, E. J.
Masalehdan, H.
Mason, K.
Massera, E.
Masserot, A.
Massinger, T. J. ORCID icon
Masso-Reid, M. ORCID icon
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LIGO Scientific Collaboration
Virgo Collaboration
KAGRA Collaboration
An error occurred while generating the citation.

Abstract

We present the first results from an all-sky all-frequency (ASAF) search for an anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from the first three observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Upper limit maps on broadband anisotropies of a persistent stochastic background were published for all observing runs of the LIGO-Virgo detectors. However, a broadband analysis is likely to miss narrowband signals as the signal-to-noise ratio of a narrowband signal can be significantly reduced when combined with detector output from other frequencies. Data folding and the computationally efficient analysis pipeline, PyStoch, enable us to perform the radiometer map-making at every frequency bin. We perform the search at 3072 HEALPix equal area pixels uniformly tiling the sky and in every frequency bin of width 1 / 32     Hz in the range 20–1726 Hz, except for bins that are likely to contain instrumental artefacts and hence are notched. We do not find any statistically significant evidence for the existence of narrowband gravitational-wave signals in the analyzed frequency bins. Therefore, we place 95% confidence upper limits on the gravitational-wave strain for each pixel-frequency pair, the limits are in the range (0.030 − 9.6) × 10⁻²⁴. In addition, we outline a method to identify candidate pixel-frequency pairs that could be followed up by a more sensitive (and potentially computationally expensive) search, e.g., a matched-filtering-based analysis, to look for fainter nearly monochromatic coherent signals. The ASAF analysis is inherently independent of models describing any spectral or spatial distribution of power. We demonstrate that the ASAF results can be appropriately combined over frequencies and sky directions to successfully recover the broadband directional and isotropic results.

Additional Information

© 2022 American Physical Society. (Received 25 October 2021; revised 22 February 2022; accepted 17 May 2022; published 3 June 2022) This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcció General de Política Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: No. JP17H06358, No. JP17H06361 and No. JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) No. 17H06133 and No. 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: No. JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF) and Computing Infrastructure Project of KISTI-GSDC in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) in Taiwan under grants including AS-CDA-105-M06, Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. We would like to thank all of the essential workers who put their health at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, without whom we would not have been able to complete this work.

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Additional details

Created:
August 20, 2023
Modified:
October 23, 2023