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Published August 2022 | Published + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

Shocks in the stacked Sunyaev-Zel'dovich profiles of clusters II: Measurements from SPT-SZ + Planck Compton-y map

Abstract

We search for the signature of cosmological shocks in stacked gas pressure profiles of galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Specifically, we stack the latest Compton-y maps from the 2500 deg² SPT-SZ survey on the locations of clusters identified in that same data set. The sample contains 516 clusters with mean mass〈M₂₀₀ₘ〉= 10^(14.9) M_⊕ and redshift〈z〉= 0.55. We analyse in parallel a set of zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations from the three hundred project. The SPT-SZ data show two features: (i) a pressure deficit at R/R₂₀₀ₘ = 1.08 ± 0.09, measured at 3.1σ significance and not observed in the simulations, and; (ii) a sharp decrease in pressure at R/R₂₀₀ₘ = 4.58 ± 1.24 at 2.0σ significance. The pressure deficit is qualitatively consistent with a shock-induced thermal non-equilibrium between electrons and ions, and the second feature is consistent with accretion shocks seen in previous studies. We split the cluster sample by redshift and mass, and find both features exist in all cases. There are also no significant differences in features along and across the cluster major axis, whose orientation roughly points towards filamentary structure. As a consistency test, we also analyse clusters from the Planck and Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter surveys and find quantitatively similar features in the pressure profiles. Finally, we compare the accretion shock radius (R_(sh,acc)) with existing measurements of the splashback radius (Rₛₚ) for SPT-SZ and constrain the lower limit of the ratio, R_(sh,acc)/Rₛₚ > 2.16 ± 0.59.

Additional Information

© 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Received: 23 November 2021. Revision received: 26 April 2022. Accepted: 09 May 2022. Published: 19 May 2022. We thank Tara DaCunha and Abigail Lee for their initial exploratory analyses of tSZ profiles in the Planck data set. We thank Greg Bryan, Damiano Caprioli, Mark Devlin, Andrey Kravtsov, Congyao Zhang, and Irina Zhuravleva for helpful discussions on gas physics in clusters, Shivam Pandey for discussions on the theoretical modelling of the tSZ profiles, Tae-Hyeon Shin for providing us with the SPT-SZ log-derivative curves from S19, and Maya Mallaby-Kay for kindly helping us navigate the PIXELL software library. We also thank the anonymous referee for raising useful points that added to the discussion presented here. Finally, we are grateful to the SPT-SZ, ACTPol, and Planck collaborations for making their data products publicly available to the community. This project strongly benefited from the free-flow of information across surveys and collaborations. We additionally thank Colin Hill and Mathew Madhavacheril for their generous support in including the ACT data in this study. DA is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE 1746045. CC is supported by the Henry Luce Foundation and DOE grant DE-SC0021949. BJ is supported in part by NASA ATP Grant No. NNH17ZDA001N and DOE Grant No. DE-SC0007901. WC is supported by the European Research Council under grant number 670193 and by the STFC AGP Grant ST/V000594/1. He further acknowledges the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with NO. CMS-CSST-2021-A01 and CMS-CSST-2021-B01. LDM is supported by the ERC-StG 'ClustersXCosmo' grant agreement 716762. CR acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Projects scheme (DP200101068). AS is supported by the ERC-StG 'ClustersXCosmo' grant agreement 716762, by the FARE-MIUR grant 'ClustersXEuclid' R165SBKTMA, and by INFN InDark Grant. The South Pole Telescope program is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through award OPP-1852617. All analysis in this work was enabled greatly by the following software: PANDAS (McKinney 2011), NUMPY (Van der Walt, Colbert & Varoquaux 2011), SCIPY (Virtanen et al. 2020), and MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007). We have also used the Astrophysics Data Service (ADS) and arXiv preprint repository extensively during this project and the writing of the paper. DATA AVAILABILITY. All data used in our analyses of SPT-SZ, ACTPol, and Planck are publicly available at the repositories linked to in this paper. Data products from THE300 simulations are not hosted on a public repository, but the interested reader is encouraged to reach out to THE300 Collaboration for data access. The code used to generate the theoretical tSZ profile of a halo, including both one-halo and two-halo contributions, is made available at https://github.com/DhayaaAnbajagane/tSZ_Profiles. This repository also contains the profiles and log-derivatives shown in the figures of this work.

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Additional details

Created:
August 22, 2023
Modified:
October 24, 2023