Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

Creators: Lokken, M.; Hložek, R.; van Engelen, A.; Madhavacheril, M.; Baxter, E.; DeRose, J.; Doux, C.; Pandey, S.; Rykoff, E. S.; Stein, G.; To, C.; Abbott, T. M. C.; Adhikari, S.; Aguena, M.; Allam, S.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Battaglia, N.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E.; Bond, J. R.; Brooks, D.; Calabrese, E.; Carnero Rosell, A.; Carrasco Kind, M.; Carretero, J.; Cawthon, R.; Choi, A.; Costanzi, M.; Crocce, M.; da Costa, L. N.; da Silva Pereira, M. E.; De Vicente, J.; Desai, S.; Dietrich, J. P.; Doel, P.; Dunkley, J.; Everett, S.; Evrard, A. E.; Ferraro, S.; Flaugher, B.; Fosalba, P.; Frieman, J.; Gallardo, P. A.; García-Bellido, J.; Gaztanaga, E.; Gerdes, D. W.; Giannantonio, T.; Gruen, D.; Gruendl, R. A.; Gschwend, J.; Gutierrez, G.; Hill, J. C.; Hilton, M.; Hincks, A. D.; Hinton, S. R.; Hollowood, D. L.; Honscheid, K.; Hoyle, B.; Huang, Z.; Hughes, J. P.; Huterer, D.; Jain, B.; James, D. J.; Jeltema, T.; Kuehn, K.; Lima, M.; Maia, M. A. G.; Marshall, J. L.; McMahon, J.; Melchior, P.; Menanteau, F.; Miquel, R.; Mohr, J. J.; Moodley, K.; Morgan, R.; Nati, F.; Page, L.; Ogando, R. L. C.; Palmese, A.; Paz-Chinchón, F.; Plazas Malagón, A. A.; Pieres, A.; Romer, A. K.; Rozo, E.; Sanchez, E.; Scarpine, V.; Schillaci, A.; Schubnell, M.; Serrano, S.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Sheldon, E.; Shin, T.; Sifón, C.; Smith, M.; Soares-Santos, M.; Suchyta, E.; Swanson, M. E. C.; Tarle, G.; Thomas, D.; Tucker, D. L.; Varga, T. N.; Weller, J.; Wechsler, R. H.; Wilkinson, R. D.; Wollack, E. J.; Xu, Z.

Abstract

The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev–Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2021 July 19; revised 2022 May 5; accepted 2022 May 15; published 2022 July 8. Canadian co-authors acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Computations were performed in part on the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation; the Government of Ontario; Ontario Research Fund—Research Excellence; and the University of Toronto. The authors thank Bruce Partridge for useful and extensive comments on the draft. J.R.B. was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant Program and a fellowship from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Gravity and Extreme Universe program. A.D.H. acknowledges support from the Sutton Family Chair in Science, Christianity and Cultures. R.H. is a CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, Gravity and the Extreme Universe Program, 2019, and a 2020 Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow. R.H. is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant Program and the Connaught Fund. The Dunlap Institute is funded through an endowment established by the David Dunlap family and the University of Toronto. J.P.H. acknowledges funding for SZ cluster studies from NSF AAG No. AST-1615657. M.L. acknowledges the support of the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [PGSD - 559296 - 2021] and the Queen Elizabeth II / Graduate Scholarships in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST). K.M. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa. This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through awards AST-0408698, AST-0965625, and AST-1440226 for the ACT project, as well as awards PHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, and PHY-1214379. Funding was also provided by Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) award to UBC. ACT operates in the Parque Astronómico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Comisión Nacional de Investigación (CONICYT). The development of multichroic detectors and lenses was supported by NASA grants NNX13AE56G and NNX14AB58G. Detector research at NIST was supported by the NIST Innovations in Measurement Science program. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NFS' NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF's NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grant Nos. ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013), including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). We thank the anonymous referee for providing valuable comments which improved the quality of the manuscript. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. This work received support from the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This research used computing resources at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Software: Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), COOP (Huang 2016), healpy (Zonca et al. 2019), HEALPix (Górski et al. 2005), NumPy (Harris et al. 2020).

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