Apophis Planetary Defense Campaign

Creators: Reddy, Vishnu; Kelley, Michael S.; Dotson, Jessie; Farnocchia, Davide; Erasmus, Nicolas; Polishook, David; Masiero, Joseph; Benner, Lance A. M.; Bauer, James; Alarcon, Miguel R.; Balam, David; Bamberger, Daniel; Bell, David; Barnardi, Fabrizio; Bressi, Terry H.; Brozović, Marina; Brucker, Melissa J.; Buzzi, Luca; Cano, Juan; Cantillo, David; Cennamo, Ramona; Chastel, Serge; Chingis, Omarov; Choi, Young-Jun; Christensen, Eric; Denneau, Larry; Dróżdż, Marek; Elenin, Leonid; Erece, Orhan; Faggioli, Laura; Falco, Carmelo; Glamazda, Dmitry; Graziani, Filippo; Heinze, Aren N.; Holman, Matthew J.; Ivanov, Alexander; Jacques, Cristovao; Janse van Rensburg, Petro; Kaiser, Galina; Kamiński, Krzysztof; Kamińska, Monika K.; Kaplan, Murat; Kim, Dong-Heun; Kim, Myung-Jin; Kiss, Csaba; Kokina, Tatiana; Kuznetsov, Eduard; Larsen, Jeffrey A.; Lee, Hee-Jae; Lees, Robert C.; de León, Julia; Licandro, Javier; Mainzer, Amy; Marciniak, Anna; Marsset, Michael; Mastaler, Ron A.; Mathias, Donovan L.; McMillan, Robert S.; Medeiros, Hissa; Micheli, Marco; Mokhnatkin, Artem; Moon, Hong-Kyu; Morate, David; Naidu, Shantanu P.; Nastasi, Alessandro; Novichonok, Artem; Ogłoza, Waldemar; Pál, András; Pérez-Toledo, Fabricio; Perminov, Alexander; Petrescu, Elisabeta; Popescu, Marcel; Read, Mike T.; Reichart, Daniel E.; Reva, Inna; Roh, Dong-Goo; Rumpf, Clemens; Satpathy, Akash; Schmalz, Sergei; Scotti, James V.; Serebryanskiy, Aleksander; Serra-Ricart, Miquel; Sonbas, Eda; Szakáts, Robert; Taylor, Patrick A.; Tonry, John L.; Tubbiolo, Andrew F.; Veres, Peter; Wainscoat, Richard; Warner, Elizabeth; Weiland, Henry J.; Wells, Guy; Weryk, Robert; Wheeler, Lorien F.; Wiebe, Yulia; Yim, Hong-Suh; Żejmo, Michał; Zhornichenko, Anastasiya; Zoła, Stanisław; Michel, Patrick

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Abstract

We describe results of a planetary defense exercise conducted during the close approach to Earth by the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis during 2020 December–2021 March. The planetary defense community has been conducting observational campaigns since 2017 to test the operational readiness of the global planetary defense capabilities. These community-led global exercises were carried out with the support of NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office and the International Asteroid Warning Network. The Apophis campaign is the third in our series of planetary defense exercises. The goal of this campaign was to recover, track, and characterize Apophis as a potential impactor to exercise the planetary defense system including observations, hypothetical risk assessment and risk prediction, and hazard communication. Based on the campaign results, we present lessons learned about our ability to observe and model a potential impactor. Data products derived from astrometric observations were available for inclusion in our risk assessment model almost immediately, allowing real-time updates to the impact probability calculation and possible impact locations. An early NEOWISE diameter measurement provided a significant improvement in the uncertainty on the range of hypothetical impact outcomes. The availability of different characterization methods such as photometry, spectroscopy, and radar provided robustness to our ability to assess the potential impact risk.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2021 December 22; revised 2022 April 3; accepted 2022 April 5; published 2022 May 31. The Apophis campaign was conducted as part of the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN). IAWN is supported by the Planetary Data System (PDS) Small Bodies Node (SBN) at the University of Maryland College Park. The work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, was performed under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This material is based in part on work supported by NASA under the Science Mission Directorate Research and Analysis Programs. This publication makes use of data products from NEOWISE, which is a joint project of the University of Arizona and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the Planetary Science Division of NASA. Pan-STARRS is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC18K0971 issued through the SSO Near Earth Object Observations Program. Part of this work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education via the State Assignment Project FEUZ-2020-0030. Part of the observations performed with the Zeiss-1000 telescope of the Terskol Observatory Shared Research Centre of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We are extremely grateful to the IRTF and GTC Observatories' night and day staff for their overwhelming support and assistance that made the observations possible. D.P. & M.M. are thankful to Richard Binzel and Francesca DeMeo for sharing their experience and wisdom while planning and conducting the measurements. D.P. is grateful to the Israeli Space Agency. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. J.d.L., J.L., and M.P. acknowledge financial support from the NEOROCKS project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870403. This work was funded by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office. Supercomputing resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center. This work has made use of data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. ATLAS is primarily funded to search for NEAs through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEA search include images and catalogs from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen's University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory. This work is partially supported by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF). Spacewatch is supported by NASA/NEOO grants and the Brinson Foundation of Chicago, IL. We thank TUBITAK National Observatory for partial support in using the T100 telescope with project number 20CT100-1743. This work was supported by the Moscow Center of Fundamental and Applied Mathematics, Agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, No. 075-15-2019-1623. This work made extensive use of Python, specifically the NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), and SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020b) packages.

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