QUBIC V: Cryogenic system design and performance

Creators: Masi, S.; Battistelli, E. S.; de Bernardis, P.; Chapron, C.; Columbro, F.; Coppolecchia, A.; D'Alessandro, G.; De Petris, M.; Grandsire, L; Hamilton, J.-Ch.; Lamagna, L.; Marnieros, S.; May, A.; Mele, L.; Mennella, A.; O'Sullivan, C.; Paiella, A.; Piacentini, F.; Piat, M.; Piccirillo, L.; Presta, G.; Schillaci, A.; Tartari, A.; Thermeau, J.-P.; Torchinsky, S. A.; Voisin, F.; Zannoni, M.; Ade, P.; Alberro, J. G.; Almela, A.; Amico, G.; Arnaldi, L. H.; Auguste, D.; Aumont, J.; Azzoni, S.; Banfi, S.; Baù, A.; Bélier, B.; Bennett, D.; Bergé, L.; Bernard, J.-Ph.; Bersanelli, M.; Bigot-Sazy, M.-A.; Bonaparte, J.; Bonis, J.; Bunn, E.; Burke, D.; Buzi, D.; Cavaliere, F.; Chanial, P.; Charlassier, R.; Cobos Cerutti, A. C.; De Gasperis, G.; De Leo, M.; Dheilly, S.; Duca, C.; Dumoulin, L.; Etchegoyen, A.; Fasciszewski, A.; Ferreyro, L. P.; Fracchia, D.; Franceschet, C.; Gamboa Lerena, M. M.; Ganga, K. M.; García, B.; García Redondo, M. E.; Gaspard, M.; Gayer, D.; Gervasi, M.; Giard, M.; Gilles, V.; Giraud-Heraud, Y.; Gómez Berisso, M.; González, M.; Gradziel, M.; Hampel, M. R.; Harari, D.; Henrot-Versillé, S.; Incardona, F.; Jules, E.; Kaplan, J.; Kristukat, C.; Loucatos, S.; Louis, T.; Maffei, B.; Marty, W.; Mattei, A.; McCulloch, M.; Melo, D.; Montier, L.; Mousset, L.; Mundo, L. M.; Murphy, J. A.; Murphy, J. D.; Nati, F.; Olivieri, E.; Oriol, C.; Pajot, F.; Passerini, A.; Pastoriza, H.; Pelosi, A.; Perbost, C.; Perciballi, M.; Pezzotta, F.; Pisano, G.; Platino, M.; Polenta, G.; Prêle, D.; Puddu, R.; Rambaud, D.; Rasztocky, E.; Ringegni, P.; Romero, G. E.; Salum, J. M.; Scóccola, C. G.; Scully, S.; Spinelli, S.; Stankowiak, G.; Stolpovskiy, M.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Timbie, P.; Tomasi, M.; Tucker, C.; Tucker, G.; Viganò, D.; Vittorio, N.; Wicek, F.; Wright, M.; Zullo, A.; QUBIC Collaboration

Abstract

Current experiments aimed at measuring the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) use cryogenic detector arrays with cold optical systems to boost their mapping speed. For this reason, large volume cryogenic systems with large optical windows, working continuously for years, are needed. The cryogenic system of the QUBIC (Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) experiment solves a combination of simultaneous requirements: very large optical throughput (∼40 cm²sr), large volume (∼1 m³) and large mass (∼165 kg) of the cryogenic instrument. Here we describe its design, fabrication, experimental optimization and validation in the Technological Demonstrator configuration. The QUBIC cryogenic system is based on a large volume cryostat that uses two pulse-tube refrigerators to cool the instrument to ∼3 K. The instrument includes the cryogenic polarization modulator, the corrugated feedhorn array, and the lower temperature stages: a ⁴He evaporator cooling the interferometer beam combiner to ∼1 K and a ³He evaporator cooling the focal-plane detector arrays to ∼0.3 K. The cryogenic system has been tested and validated for more than 6 months of continuous operation. The detector arrays have reached a stable operating temperature of 0.33 K, while the polarization modulator has operated at a ∼10 K base temperature. The system has been tilted to cover the boresight elevation range 20°-90° without significant temperature variations. The instrument is now ready for deployment to the high Argentinean Andes.

Additional Information

© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab. Received 25 November 2020; Accepted 18 May 2021; Published 21 April 2022. QUBIC is funded by the following agencies. France: ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) 2012 and 2014, DIM-ACAV (Domaine d'Interet Majeur-Astronomie et Conditions d'Apparition de la Vie), CNRS/IN2P3 (Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules), CNRS/INSU (Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut national et al de sciences de l'univers). Italy: CNR/PNRA (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche/Programma Nazionale Ricerche in Antartide) until 2016, INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) since 2017. Argentina: MINCyT (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación), CNEA (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas). D. Burke and J.D. Murphy acknowledge funding from the Irish Research Council under the Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme. D. Gayer and S. Scully acknowledge funding from the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. D. Bennett acknowledges funding from Science Foundation Ireland.

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