Electrocatalytic Ketyl-Olefin Cyclization at a Favorable Applied Bias Enabled by a Concerted Proton–Electron Transfer Mediator

Abstract

Recent studies showcase reductive concerted proton–electron transfer (CPET) as a powerful strategy for transferring a net hydrogen atom to organic substrates; however, direct application of CPET in the context of C–C bond formation beyond homocoupling is underexplored. We report herein the expansion of electrocatalytic CPET (eCPET) using a Brønsted base-appended cobaltocene mediator ([CpCoCp^(NMe₂)][OTf]) with keto-olefin substrates that undergo cyclization subsequent to ketyl radical generation via eCPET. Using acetophenone-derived substrates with tethered acrylates as radical acceptors, in the presence of tosylic acid, we demonstrate that ketyl-olefin cyclization is achieved by characterization of cis-lactone and alkene products. Mechanistic analysis of this 2 H⁺/2 e⁻ process reveals a mixed order in substrate and acid and a Hammett plot with a modest negative slope, highlighting the contribution of sequential CPET and ET/PT steps involved in the overall rate of the reaction and providing support for initial O–H bond formation. The ability to access ketyl radicals at comparatively mild reduction potentials via controlled potential electrolysis enables functional group tolerance across a range of substrates.

Files

Additional details