Supernova siblings and their parent galaxies in the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey

Creators: Graham, Melissa L.; Fremling, Christoffer; Perley, Daniel A.; Biswas, Rahul; Phillips, Christopher A.; Sollerman, Jesper; Nugent, Peter E.; Nance, Sarafina; Dhawan, Suhail; Nordin, Jakob; Goobar, Ariel; Miller, Adam; Neill, James D.; Hall, Xander J.; Hankins, Matthew J.; Duev, Dmitry A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Rigault, Mickael; Bellm, Eric C.; Hale, David; Mróz, Przemek; Kulkarni, S. R.

Abstract

Supernova (SN) siblings – two or more SNe in the same parent galaxy – are useful tools for exploring progenitor stellar populations as well as properties of the host galaxies such as distance, star-formation rate, dust extinction, and metallicity. Since the average SN rate for a Milky Way-type galaxy is just one per century, a large imaging survey is required to discover an appreciable sample of SN siblings. From the wide-field Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) Bright Transient Survey (which aims for spectroscopic completeness for all transients which peak brighter than r < 18.5 mag) we present 10 SN siblings in five parent galaxies. For each of these families, we analyse the SN's location within the host and its underlying stellar population, finding agreement with expectations that SNe from more massive progenitors are found nearer to their host core and in regions of more active star formation. We also present an analysis of the relative rates of core collapse and thermonuclear SN siblings, finding a significantly lower ratio than past SN sibling samples due to the unbiased nature of the ZTF.

Additional Information

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model). Accepted 2021 December 28. Received 2021 December 3; in original form 2021 May 13. Published: 06 January 2022. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48- and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by Caltech Optical Observatories (COO), IPAC, and the University of Washington (UW). This work was supported by the Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) project funded by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 1545949. SED Machine is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 1106171. The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 (PanSTARRS1) Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the PanSTARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant no. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant no. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. MLG acknowledges support from the Data Intensive Research in Astrophysics and Cosmology (DiRAC) Institute in the Department of Astronomy at the University of Washington. The DiRAC Institute is supported through generous gifts from the Charles and Lisa Simonyi Fund for Arts and Sciences, and the Washington Research Foundation. MR has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 759194 - USNAC). Data Availability: The ZTF BTS photometry and classification spectra for all objects used in this work are publicly available via the TNS or alert brokers such as ANTARES, ALeRCE, and Lasair. More information about the ZTF-I data release for the public survey is available via the ZTF website, https://www.ztf.caltech.edu/.

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