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Published November 2021 | Accepted Version + Published
Journal Article Open

37 new validated planets in overlapping K2 campaigns

Abstract

We analysed 68 candidate planetary systems first identified during Campaigns 5 and 6 (C5 and C6) of the NASA K2 mission. We set out to validate these systems by using a suite of follow-up observations, including adaptive optics, speckle imaging, and reconnaissance spectroscopy. The overlap between C5 with C16 and C18, and C6 with C17, yields light curves with long baselines that allow us to measure the transit ephemeris very precisely, revisit single transit candidates identified in earlier campaigns, and search for additional transiting planets with longer periods not detectable in previous works. Using VESPA, we compute false positive probabilities of less than 1 per cent for 37 candidates orbiting 29 unique host stars and hence statistically validate them as planets. These planets have a typical size of 2.2 R⊕ and orbital periods between 1.99 and 52.71 d. We highlight interesting systems including a sub-Neptune with the longest period detected by K2, sub-Saturns around F stars, several multiplanetary systems in a variety of architectures. These results show that a wealth of planetary systems still remains in the K2 data, some of which can be validated using minimal follow-up observations and taking advantage of analyses presented in previous catalogues.

Additional Information

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model). Accepted 2021 July 20. Received 2021 July 16; in original form 2020 October 15. Published: 14 August 2021. This work was carried out as part of the KESPRINT consortium. The WIYN/NESSI observations were conducted as part of an approved NOAO observing program (P.I. Livingston, proposal ID 2017A-0377). Data presented herein were obtained at the WIYN Observatory from telescope time allocated to NN-EXPLORE through the scientific partnership of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory. NESSI was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and the NASA Ames Research Center. NESSI was built at the Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. The authors are honoured to be permitted to conduct observations on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain within the Tohono O'odham Nation with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham people. This work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers 18H05442, 15H02063, 17H04574, 18H01265, 18H05439, and 20K14518, and JST PRESTO grant number JPMJPR1775. This work is also supported by a NASA WIYN PI Data Award, administered by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. MF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). SM acknowledges support by the Spanish Ministry with the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC-2015-17697. RAG acknowledges the support of the CNES PLATO grant. JK gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA; DNR 2020-00104) This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos. esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions. KWFL acknowledges the support by DFG grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. The simulations were run on the CfCA Calculation Server at NAOJ. AAT acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 17F17764 and 17H06360. Data Availability: The data underlying this article were accessed from MAST (https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/) with specific links mentioned in the article. The tables presented in this work will also be made available at the CDS (http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/).

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Additional details

Created:
August 20, 2023
Modified:
October 23, 2023