The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection

Creators: Chontos, Ashley; Murphy, Joseph M. Akana; MacDougall, Mason G.; Fetherolf, Tara; Van Zandt, Judah; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Beard, Corey; Huber, Daniel; Batalha, Natalie M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Fulton, Benjamin; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Kane, Stephen R.; Petigura, Erik A.; Robertson, Paul; Roy, Arpita; Weiss, Lauren M.; Behmard, Aida; Dai, Fei; Dalba, Paul A.; Giacalone, Steven; Hill, Michelle L.; Lubin, Jack; Mayo, Andrew; Močnik, Teo; Polanski, Alex S.; Rosenthal, Lee J.; Scarsdale, Nicholas; Turtelboom, Emma V.; Ricker, George R.; Vanderspek, Roland; Latham, David W.; Seager, Sara; Winn, Joshua N.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Guerrero, Natalia M.; Collins, Karen A.; Ciardi, David R.; Shporer, Avi; Goeke, Robert F.; Levine, Alan M.; Ting, Eric B.; Bieryla, Allyson; Collins, Kevin I.; Kielkopf, John F.; Barkaoui, Khalid; Benni, Paul; Esparza-Borges, Emma; Conti, Dennis M.; Hooton, Matthew J.; Kagetani, Taiki; Laloum, Didier; Marino, Giuseppe; Massey, Bob; Murgas, Felipe; Papini, Riccardo; Schwarz, Richard P.; Srdoć, Gregor; Stockdale, Chris; Wang, Gavin; Wittrock, Justin M.; Zou, Yujie

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Abstract

The Kepler and TESS missions have demonstrated that planets are ubiquitous. However, the success of these missions heavily depends on ground-based radial velocity (RV) surveys, which combined with transit photometry can yield bulk densities and orbital properties. While most Kepler host stars are too faint for detailed follow-up observations, TESS is detecting planets orbiting nearby bright stars that are more amenable to RV characterization. Here, we introduce the TESS-Keck Survey (TKS), an RV program using ∼100 nights on Keck/HIRES to study exoplanets identified by TESS. The primary survey aims are investigating the link between stellar properties and the compositions of small planets; studying how the diversity of system architectures depends on dynamical configurations or planet multiplicity; identifying prime candidates for atmospheric studies with JWST; and understanding the role of stellar evolution in shaping planetary systems. We present a fully automated target selection algorithm, which yielded 103 planets in 86 systems for the final TKS sample. Most TKS hosts are inactive, solar-like, main-sequence stars (4500 K ≤ T_(eff) <6000 K) at a wide range of metallicities. The selected TKS sample contains 71 small planets (R_p ≤ 4 R⊕), 11 systems with multiple transiting candidates, six sub-day-period planets and three planets that are in or near the habitable zone (S_(inc) ≤ 10 S⊕) of their host star. The target selection described here will facilitate the comparison of measured planet masses, densities, and eccentricities to predictions from planet population models. Our target selection software is publicly available and can be adapted for any survey that requires a balance of multiple science interests within a given telescope allocation.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2021 June 10; revised 2022 March 17; accepted 2022 March 28; published 2022 May 30. This paper is based on data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. We recognize and acknowledge the cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are deeply grateful to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. We thank all the observers who spent time collecting data over the many years at Keck/HIRES. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts and dedication of the Keck Observatory staff for support of HIRES and remote observing. We thank the University of California and Google for supporting Lick Observatory and the UCO staff for their dedicated work scheduling and operating the telescopes of Lick Observatory. We are grateful to the time assignment committees of the University of California, University of Hawai'i, the California Institute of Technology, and NASA for supporting the TESS-Keck Survey with observing time at Keck Observatory and on the Automated Planet Finder. We thank NASA for funding associated with our Key Strategic Mission Support project. We thank Ken and Gloria Levy, who supported the construction of the Levy Spectrometer on the Automated Planet Finder. A.C., J.M.A.M., R.A.R., A.B., and A.M. acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE 1842402, DGE 1842400, DGE 1745301, DGE 1745301, DGE 1752814). J.M.A.M. also acknowledges the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining Grant No. 1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. T.F. acknowledges support from the University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellowship Program. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K1585, 80NSSC19K0379), and the National Science Foundation (AST-1717000). I.J.M.C. acknowledges support from the NSF through grant AST-1824644. C.D.D. acknowledges the support of the Hellman Family Faculty Fund, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the David & Lucile Packard Foundation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration via the TESS Guest Investigator Program (80NSSC18K1583). E.A.P. acknowledges the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. L.M.W. is supported by the Beatrice Watson Parrent Fellowship and NASA ADAP Grant 80NSSC19K0597. P.D. acknowledges support from a National Science Foundation Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-1903811. S.G. acknowledges support from NASA FINESST Grant 80NSSC20K1549. E. E-B. acknowledges financial support from the European Union and the State Agency of Investigation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) under the grant PRE2020-093107 of the Pre-Doc Program for the Training of Doctors (FPI-SO) through FSE funds. facility MAST, TESS, Keck I: HIRES. Software: All code used in this paper is available at https://github.com/ashleychontos/sort-a-survey, with the archived version associated with this paper available at Chontos (2021). We made use of the following publicly available Python modules: astroquery, exoplanet (Foreman-Mackey 2019), evolstate (Huber 2017; Berger et al. 2018), and tesspoint.

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