Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Creators: Klionsky, Daniel J.; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H.; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E.; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E.; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B.; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N.; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V.; Ahmad, S. Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M.; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M.; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A.; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M. Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D.; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C.; Álvarez, Élida M. C.; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M.; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O.; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U.; Andrabi, Shaida A.; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M.; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C.; Ansari, Mohammad Y.; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L.; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R.; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S.; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Au, Alicia K.; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W.; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M.; Backues, Steven K.; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H.; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T.; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S.; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G.; Barmada, Sami J.; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E.; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R.; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H.; Bassham, Diane C.; Bast, Robert C.; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E.; Baumgarner, Bradley L.; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R.G.; Beck, George R.; Beers, Michael F.; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M.N.; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A.; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W.; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G.; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M.; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S.; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md. Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J.; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A.; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B.; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S.; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S.; Boone, Brian A.; Bootman, Martin D.; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C.; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M.; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M.; Boulton, Michael E.; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M.; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V.; Bozi, Luiz H. M.; Bozkurt, Tolga O.; Brackney, Doug E.; Brandts, Christian H.; Braun, Ralf J.; Braus, Gerhard H.; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M.; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V. Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L.; Brody, Steven L.; Bronson, Paola G.; Bronstein, Jeff M.; Brown, Carolyn N.; Brown, Rhoderick E.; Brum, Patricia C.; Brumell, John H.; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J.; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J. Ross; Buckingham, Erin M.; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R.; Burón, M. Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A.; Caldwell, Guy A.; Caldwell, Kim A.; Call, Jarrod A.; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C.; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels OS; Camonis, Jacques H.; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M.; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C.; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H.; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M.; Carew, Jennifer S.; Carle, Georges F.; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A.; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M.; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A. Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F.; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F.; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D.; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L.; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J.; Cerutti, Janete M.; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S.; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W.; Chan, Edmond Y. W.; Chan, Edward D.; Chan, H.Y. Edwin; Chan, Helen H.; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T.V.; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K.; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K.; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E.; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L.; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J.; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V.; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J.; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I.; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M.K.; Choi, Mary E.; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S.; Chu, Charleen T.; Chua, Jason P.; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A.; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J.; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M.; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M.; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A.; Colell, Anna; Čolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S.; Collins, Mark O.; Colombo, María I.; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A.; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R.; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R.; Coombs, Kevin M.; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P.; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J.; Crespo, Jose L.; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C.; Cybulsky, Andrey V.; Czaja, Mark J.; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J.; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C.; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A.; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K.; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P.; Darling, April L.; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K.; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N.; Davies, Jeffrey S.; Dávila, Valeria A.; Davis, Roger J.; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G.; De Meyer, Guido R.Y.; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J.; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A.; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R.; Delbridge, Lea M. D.; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M. Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D.; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L.; Der, Channing J.; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M.; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M.; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T.; Dionne, Marc S.; Distler, Jörg H.W.; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M.C.; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C.J.; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn II, Gerald W.; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P.; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A.; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V.; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S.; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A.; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L.; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N. Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S.; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G.; Elizalde, María M.; Elks, Philip M.; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S.; Emerling, Brooke M.; Emre, N. C. Tolga; Eng, Christina H.; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S.T.; Enserink, Jorrit M.; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C.; Fairlie, W. Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H.; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F.; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O.; Feldman, Arthur M.; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A.; Fernández, Álvaro F.; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C.; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Ferrante, Anthony W.; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F.; Ferreira, Julio C.B.; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A.; Fisher, Paul B.; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J.; Flo, Trude H.; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A.; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B.; Friedman, Scott L.; Fröhlich, Leopold F.; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M.; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U.; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F.; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G.; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E.; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D.; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F.; Gassen, Nils C.; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; Gentle, Ian E.; Gerbino, Valeria; Gerhardt, Christoph; Germain, Kyla; Germain, Marc; Gewirtz, David A.; Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham; Ghavami, Saeid; Ghigo, Alessandra; Ghosh, Manosij; Giamas, Georgios; Giampietri, Claudia; Giatromanolaki, Alexandra; Gibson, Gary E.; Gibson, Spencer B.; Ginet, Vanessa; Giniger, Edward; Giorgi, Carlotta; Girao, Henrique; Girardin, Stephen E.; Giridharan, Mridhula; Giuliano, Sandy; Giulivi, Cecilia; Giuriato, Sylvie; Giustiniani, Julien; Gluschko, Alexander; Goder, Veit; Goginashvili, Alexander; Golab, Jakub; Goldstone, David C.; Golebiewska, Anna; Gomes, Luciana R.; Gomez, Rodrigo; Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén; Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina; Gomez-Sintes, Raquel; Gong, Qingqiu; Goni, Felix M.; González-Gallego, Javier; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas; Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A.; Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A.; González-Rodríguez, Patricia; Goping, Ing Swie; Gorbatyuk, Marina S.; Gorbunov, Nikolai V.; Görgülü, Kıvanç; Gorojod, Roxana M.; Gorski, Sharon M.; Goruppi, Sandro; Gotor, Cecilia; Gottlieb, Roberta A.; Gozes, Illana; Gozuacik, Devrim; Graef, Martin; Gräler, Markus H.; Granatiero, Veronica; Grasso, Daniel; Gray, Joshua P.; Green, Douglas R.; Greenhough, Alexander; Gregory, Stephen L.; Griffin, Edward F.; Grinstaff, Mark W.; Gros, Frederic; Grose, Charles; Gross, Angelina S.; Gruber, Florian; Grumati, Paolo; Grune, Tilman; Gu, Xueyan; Guan, Jun-Lin; Guardia, Carlos M.; Guda, Kishore; Guerra, Flora; Guerri, Consuelo; Guha, Prasun; Guillén, Carlos; Gujar, Shashi; Gukovskaya, Anna; Gukovsky, Ilya; Gunst, Jan; Günther, Andreas; Guntur, Anyonya R.; Guo, Chuanyong; Guo, Chun; Guo, Hongqing; Guo, Lian-Wang; Guo, Ming; Gupta, Pawan; Gupta, Shashi Kumar; Gupta, Swapnil; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek; Gustafsson, Asa B.; Gutterman, David D.; H.B., Ranjitha; Haapasalo, Annakaisa; Haber, James E.; Hać, Aleksandra; Hadano, Shinji; Hafrén, Anders J.; Haidar, Mansour; Hall, Belinda S.; Halldén, Gunnel; Hamacher-Brady, Anne; Hamann, Andrea; Hamasaki, Maho; Han, Weidong; Hansen, Malene; Hanson, Phyllis I.; Hao, Zijian; Harada, Masaru; Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica; Hariharan, Nirmala; Haroon, Nigil; Harris, James; Hasegawa, Takafumi; Hasima Nagoor, Noor; Haspel, Jeffrey A.; Haucke, Volker; Hawkins, Wayne D.; Hay, Bruce A.; Haynes, Cole M.; Hayrabedyan, Soren B.; Hays, Thomas S.; He, Congcong; He, Qin; He, Rong-Rong; He, You-Wen; He, Yu-Ying; Heakal, Yasser; Heberle, Alexander M.; Hejtmancik, J. Fielding; Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir; Henkel, Vanessa; Herb, Marc; Hergovich, Alexander; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna; Hernández, Agustín; Hernandez, Carlos; Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Herpin, Amaury; Herreros, Judit; Hervás, Javier H.; Hesselson, Daniel; Hetz, Claudio; Heussler, Volker T.; Higuchi, Yujiro; Hilfiker, Sabine; Hill, Joseph A.; Hlavacek, William S.; Ho, Emmanuel A.; Ho, Idy H.T.; Ho, Philip Wing-Lok; Ho, Shu-Leong; Ho, Wan Yun; Hobbs, G. Aaron; Hochstrasser, Mark; Hoet, Peter H.M.; Hofius, Daniel; Hofman, Paul; Höhn, Annika; Holmberg, Carina I.; Hombrebueno, Jose R.; Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong,; Hooper, Lora V.; Hoppe, Thorsten; Horos, Rastislav; Hoshida, Yujin; Hsin, I-Lun; Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Hu, Bing; Hu, Dong; Hu, Li-Fang; Hu, Ming Chang; Hu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Hu, Yu-Chen; Hu, Zhuo-Wei; Hua, Fang; Hua, Jinlian; Hua, Yingqi; Huan, Chongmin; Huang, Canhua; Huang, Chuanshu; Huang, Chuanxin; Huang, Chunling; Huang, Haishan; Huang, Kun; Huang, Michael L.H.; Huang, Rui; Huang, Shan; Huang, Tianzhi; Huang, Xing; Huang, Yuxiang Jack; Huber, Tobias B.; Hubert, Virginie; Hubner, Christian A.; Hughes, Stephanie M.; Hughes, William E.; Humbert, Magali; Hummer, Gerhard; Hurley, James H.; Hussain, Sabah; Hussain, Salik; Hussey, Patrick J.; Hutabarat, Martina; Hwang, Hui-Yun; Hwang, Seungmin; Ieni, Antonio; Ikeda, Fumiyo; Imagawa, Yusuke; Imai, Yuzuru; Imbriano, Carol; Imoto, Masaya; Inman, Denise M.; Inoki, Ken; Iovanna, Juan; Iozzo, Renato V.; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Irazoqui, Javier E.; Iribarren, Pablo; Ishaq, Mohd; Ishikawa, Makoto; Ishimwe, Nestor; Isidoro, Ciro; Ismail, Nahed; Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh; Itakura, Eisuke; Ito, Daisuke; Ivankovic, Davor; Ivanova, Saška; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V.; Izquierdo, José M.; Izumi, Masanori; Jäättelä, Marja; Jabir, Majid Sakhi; Jackson, William T.; Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia; Jacomin, Anne-Claire; Jacquin, Elise; Jadiya, Pooja; Jaeschke, Hartmut; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Jakobi, Arjen J.; Jakobsson, Johan; Janji, Bassam; Jansen-Dürr, Pidder; Jansson, Patric J.; Jantsch, Jonathan; Januszewski, Sławomir; Jassey, Alagie; Jean, Steve; Jeltsch-David, Hélène; Jendelova, Pavla; Jenny, Andreas; Jensen, Thomas E.; Jessen, Niels; Jewell, Jenna L.; Ji, Jing; Jia, Lijun; Jia, Rui; Jiang, Liwen; Jiang, Qing; Jiang, Richeng; Jiang, Teng; Jiang, Xuejun; Jiang, Yu; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Jin, Eun-Jung; Jin, Fengyan; Jin, Hongchuan; Jin, Li; Jin, Luqi; Jin, Meiyan; Jin, Si; Jo, Eun-Kyeong; Joffre, Carine; Johansen, Terje; Johnson, Gail V.W.; Johnston, Simon A.; Jokitalo, Eija; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Joosten, Leo A.B.; Jordan, Joaquin; Joseph, Bertrand; Ju, Dianwen; Ju, Jeong-Sun; Ju, Jingfang; Juárez, Esmeralda; Judith, Delphine; Juhász, Gábor; Jun, Youngsoo; Jung, Chang Hwa; Jung, Sung-Chul; Jung, Yong Keun; Jungbluth, Heinz; Jungverdorben, Johannes; Just, Steffen; Kaarniranta, Kai; Kaasik, Allen; Kabuta, Tomohiro; Kaganovich, Daniel; Kahana, Alon; Kain, Renate; Kajimura, Shinjo; Kalamvoki, Maria; Kalia, Manjula; Kalinowski, Danuta S.; Kaludercic, Nina; Kalvari, Ioanna; Kaminska, Joanna; Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O.; Kanamori, Hiromitsu; Kanasaki, Keizo; Kang, Chanhee; Kang, Rui; Kang, Sang Sun; Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan; Kanki, Tomotake; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Kanthasamy, Anumantha G.; Kanthasamy, Arthi; Kantorow, Marc; Kapuy, Orsolya; Karamouzis, Michalis V.; Karim, Md. Razaul; Karmakar, Parimal; Katare, Rajesh G.; Kato, Masaru; Kaufmann, Stefan H.E.; Kauppinen, Anu; Kaushal, Gur P.; Kaushik, Susmita; Kawasaki, Kiyoshi; Kazan, Kemal; Ke, Po-Yuan; Keating, Damien J.; Keber, Ursula; Kehrl, John H.; Keller, Kate E.; Keller, Christian W.; Kemper, Jongsook Kim; Kenific, Candia M.; Kepp, Oliver; Kermorgant, Stephanie; Kern, Andreas; Ketteler, Robin; Keulers, Tom G.; Khalfin, Boris; Khalil, Hany; Khambu, Bilon; Khan, Shahid Y.; Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj; Khandia, Rekha; Kho, Widuri; Khobrekar, Noopur V.; Khuansuwan, Sataree; Khundadze, Mukhran; Killackey, Samuel A.; Kim, Dasol; Kim, Deok Ryong; Kim, Do-Hyung; Kim, Dong-Eun; Kim, Eun Young; Kim, Eun-Kyoung; Kim, Hak-Rim; Kim, Hee-Sik; Kim, Jeong Hun; Kim, Jin Kyung; Kim, Jin-Hoi; Kim, Joungmok; Kim, Ju Hwan; Kim, Keun Il; Kim, Peter K.; Kim, Seong-Jun; Kimball, Scot R.; Kimchi, Adi; Kimmelman, Alec C.; Kimura, Tomonori; King, Matthew A.; Kinghorn, Kerri J.; Kinsey, Conan G.; Kirkin, Vladimir; Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A.; Kiselev, Sergey L.; Kishi, Shuji; Kitamoto, Katsuhiko; Kitaoka, Yasushi; Kitazato, Kaio; Kitsis, Richard N.; Kittler, Josef T.; Kjaerulff, Ole; Klein, Peter S.; Klopstock, Thomas; Klucken, Jochen; Knævelsrud, Helene; Knorr, Roland L.; Ko, Ben C.B.; Ko, Fred; Ko, Jiunn-Liang; Kobayashi, Hotaka; Kobayashi, Satoru; Koch, Ina; Koch, Jan C.; Koenig, Ulrich; Kögel, Donat; Koh, Young Ho; Koike, Masato; Kohlwein, Sepp D.; Kocaturk, Nur M.; Komatsu, Masaaki; König, Jeannette; Kono, Toru; Kopp, Benjamin T.; Korcsmaros, Tamas; Korkmaz, Gözde; Korolchuk, Viktor I.; Korsnes, Mónica Suárez; Koskela, Ali; Kota, Janaiah; Kotake, Yaichiro; Kotler, Monica L.; Kou, Yanjun; Koukourakis, Michael I.; Koustas, Evangelos; Kovacs, Attila L.; Kovács, Tibor; Koya, Daisuke; Kozako, Tomohiro; Kraft, Claudine; Krainc, Dimitri; Krämer, Helmut; Krasnodembskaya, Anna D.; Kretz-Remy, Carole; Kroemer, Guido; Ktistakis, Nicholas T.; Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki; Kuenen, Sabine; Kuerschner, Lars; Kukar, Thomas; Kumar, Ajay; Kumar, Ashok; Kumar, Deepak; Kumar, Dhiraj; Kumar, Sharad; Kume, Shinji; Kumsta, Caroline; Kundu, Chanakya N.; Kundu, Mondira; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B.; Kurgan, Lukasz; Kutateladze, Tatiana G.; Kutlu, Ozlem; Kwak, SeongAe; Kwon, Ho Jeong; Kwon, Taeg Kyu; Kwon, Yong Tae; Kyrmizi, Irene; La Spada, Albert; Labonté, Patrick; Ladoire, Sylvain; Laface, Ilaria; Lafont, Frank; Lagace, Diane C.; Lahiri, Vikramjit; Lai, Zhibing; Laird, Angela S.; Lakkaraju, Aparna; Lamark, Trond; Lan, Sheng-Hui; Landajuela, Ane; Lane, Darius J. R.; Lane, Jon D.; Lang, Charles H.; Lange, Carsten; Langel, Ülo; Langer, Rupert; Lapaquette, Pierre; Laporte, Jocelyn; LaRusso, Nicholas F.; Lastres-Becker, Isabel; Lau, Wilson Chun Yu; Laurie, Gordon W.; Lavandero, Sergio; Law, Betty Yuen Kwan; Law, Helen Ka-wai; Layfield, Rob; Le, Weidong; Le Stunff, Herve; Leary, Alexandre Y.; Lebrun, Jean-Jacques; Leck, Lionel Y.W.; Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe; Lee, Changwook; Lee, Chung-Pei; Lee, Da-Hye; Lee, Edward B.; Lee, Erinna F.; Lee, Gyun Min; Lee, He-Jin; Lee, Heung Kyu; Lee, Jae Man; Lee, Jason S.; Lee, Jin-A; Lee, Joo-Yong; Lee, Jun Hee; Lee, Michael; Lee, Min Goo; Lee, Min Jae; Lee, Myung-Shik; Lee, Sang Yoon; Lee, Seung-Jae; Lee, Stella Y.; Lee, Sung Bae; Lee, Won Hee; Lee, Ying-Ray; Lee, Yong-ho; Lee, Youngil; Lefebvre, Christophe; Legouis, Renaud; Lei, Yu L.; Lei, Yuchen; Leikin, Sergey; Leitinger, Gerd; Lemus, Leticia; Leng, Shuilong; Lenoir, Olivia; Lenz, Guido; Lenz, Heinz Josef; Lenzi, Paola; León, Yolanda; Leopoldino, Andréia M.; Leschczyk, Christoph; Leskelä, Stina; Letellier, Elisabeth; Leung, Chi-Ting; Leung, Po Sing; Leventhal, Jeremy S.; Levine, Beth; Lewis, Patrick A.; Ley, Klaus; Li, Bin; Li, Da-Qiang; Li, Jianming; Li, Jing; Li, Jiong; Li, Ke; Li, Liwu; Li, Mei; Li, Min; Li, Min; Li, Ming; Li, Mingchuan; Li, Pin-Lan; Li, Ming-Qing; Li, Qing; Li, Sheng; Li, Tiangang; Li, Wei; Li, Wenming; Li, Xue; Li, Yi-Ping; Li, Yuan; Li, Zhiqiang; Li, Zhiyong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lian, Jiqin; Liang, Chengyu; Liang, Qiangrong; Liang, Weicheng; Liang, Yongheng; Liang, YongTian; Liao, Guanghong; Liao, Lujian; Liao, Mingzhi; Liao, Yung-Feng; Librizzi, Mariangela; Lie, Pearl P. Y.; Lilly, Mary A.; Lim, Hyunjung J.; Lima, Thania R.R.; Limana, Federica; Lin, Chao; Lin, Chih-Wen; Lin, Dar-Shong; Lin, Fu-Cheng; Lin, Jiandie D.; Lin, Kurt M.; Lin, Kwang-Huei; Lin, Liang-Tzung; Lin, Pei-Hui; Lin, Qiong; Lin, Shaofeng; Lin, Su-Ju; Lin, Wenyu; Lin, Xueying; Lin, Yao-Xin; Lin, Yee-Shin; Linden, Rafael; Lindner, Paula; Ling, Shuo-Chien; Lingor, Paul; Linnemann, Amelia K.; Liou, Yih-Cherng; Lipinski, Marta M.; Lipovšek, Saška; Lira, Vitor A.; Lisiak, Natalia; Liton, Paloma B.; Liu, Chao; Liu, Ching-Hsuan; Liu, Chun-Feng; Liu, Cui Hua; Liu, Fang; Liu, Hao; Liu, Hsiao-Sheng; Liu, Hua-feng; Liu, Huifang; Liu, Jia; Liu, Jing; Liu, Julia; Liu, Leyuan; Liu, Longhua; Liu, Meilian; Liu, Qin; Liu, Wei; Liu, Wende; Liu, Xiao-Hong; Liu, Xiaodong; Liu, Xingguo; Liu, Xu; Liu, Xuedong; Liu, Yanfen; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yueyang; Liu, Yule; Livingston, J. Andrew; Lizard, Gerard; Lizcano, Jose M.; Ljubojevic-Holzer, Senka; LLeonart, Matilde E.; Llobet-Navàs, David; Llorente, Alicia; Lo, Chih Hung; Lobato-Márquez, Damián; Long, Qi; Long, Yun Chau; Loos, Ben; Loos, Julia A.; López, Manuela G.; López-Doménech, Guillermo; López-Guerrero, José Antonio; López-Jiménez, Ana T.; López-Pérez, Óscar; López-Valero, Israel; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J.; Lorente, Mar; Lorincz, Peter; Lossi, Laura; Lotersztajn, Sophie; Lovat, Penny E.; Lovell, Jonathan F.; Lovy, Alenka; Lőw, Péter; Lu, Guang; Lu, Haocheng; Lu, Jia-Hong; Lu, Jin-Jian; Lu, Mengji; Lu, Shuyan; Luciani, Alessandro; Lucocq, John M.; Ludovico, Paula; Luftig, Micah A.; Luhr, Morten; Luis-Ravelo, Diego; Lum, Julian J.; Luna-Dulcey, Liany; Lund, Anders H.; Lund, Viktor K.; Lünemann, Jan D.; Lüningschrör, Patrick; Luo, Honglin; Luo, Rongcan; Luo, Shouqing; Luo, Zhi; Luparello, Claudio; Lüscher, Bernhard; Luu, Luan; Lyakhovich, Alex; Lyamzaev, Konstantin G.; Lystad, Alf Håkon; Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr; Ma, Alvin C.; Ma, Changle; Ma, Mengxiao; Ma, Ning-Fang; Ma, Quan-Hong; Ma, Xinliang; Ma, Yueyun; Ma, Zhenyi; MacDougald, Ormond A.; Macian, Fernando; MacIntosh, Gustavo C.; MacKeigan, Jeffrey P.; Macleod, Kay F.; Maday, Sandra; Madeo, Frank; Madesh, Muniswamy; Madl, Tobias; Madrigal-Matute, Julio; Maeda, Akiko; Maejima, Yasuhiro; Magarinos, Marta; Mahavadi, Poornima; Maiani, Emiliano; Maiese, Kenneth; Maiti, Panchanan; Maiuri, Maria Chiara; Majello, Barbara; Major, Michael B.; Makareeva, Elena; Malik, Fayaz; Mallilankaraman, Karthik; Malorni, Walter; Maloyan, Alina; Mammadova, Najiba; Man, Gene Chi Wai; Manai, Federico; Mancias, Joseph D.; Mandelkow, Eva-Maria; Mandell, Michael A.; Manfredi, Angelo A.; Manjili, Masoud H.; Manjithaya, Ravi; Manque, Patricio; Manshian, Bella B.; Manzano, Raquel; Manzoni, Claudia; Mao, Kai; Marchese, Cinzia; Marchetti, Sandrine; Marconi, Anna Maria; Marcucci, Fabrizio; Mardente, Stefania; Mareninova, Olga A.; Margeta, Marta; Mari, Muriel; Marinelli, Sara; Marinelli, Oliviero; Mariño, Guillermo; Mariotto, Sofia; Marshall, Richard S.; Marten, Mark R.; Martens, Sascha; Martin, Alexandre P.J.; Martin, Katie R.; Martin, Sara; Martin, Shaun; Martín-Segura, Adrián; Martín-Acebes, Miguel A.; Martin-Burriel, Inmaculada; Martin-Rincon, Marcos; Martin-Sanz, Paloma; Martina, José A.; Martinet, Wim; Martinez, Aitor; Martinez, Ana; Martinez, Jennifer; Martinez Velazquez, Moises; Martinez-Lopez, Nuria; Martinez-Vicente, Marta; Martins, Daniel O.; Martins, Joilson O.; Martins, Waleska K.; Martins-Marques, Tania; Marzetti, Emanuele; Masaldan, Shashank; Masclaux-Daubresse, Celine; Mashek, Douglas G.; Massa, Valentina; Massieu, Lourdes; Masson, Glenn R.; Masuelli, Laura; Masyuk, Anatoliy I.; Masyuk, Tetyana V.; Matarrese, Paola; Matheu, Ander; Matoba, Satoaki; Matsuzaki, Sachiko; Mattar, Pamela; Matte, Alessandro; Mattoscio, Domenico; Mauriz, José L.; Mauthe, Mario; Mauvezin, Caroline; Maverakis, Emanual; Maycotte, Paola; Mayer, Johanna; Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi; Mazzoni, Cristina; Mazzulli, Joseph R.; McCarty, Nami; McDonald, Christine; McGill, Mitchell R.; McKenna, Sharon L.; McLaughlin, BethAnn; McLoughlin, Fionn; McNiven, Mark A.; McWilliams, Thomas G.; Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima; Medeiros, Tania Catarina; Medina, Diego L.; Megeney, Lynn A.; Megyeri, Klara; Mehrpour, Maryam; Mehta, Jawahar L.; Meijer, Alfred J.; Meijer, Annemarie H.; Mejlvang, Jakob; Meléndez, Alicia; Melk, Annette; Memisoglu, Gonen; Mendes, Alexandrina F.; Meng, Delong; Meng, Fei; Meng, Tian; Menna-Barreto, Rubem; Menon, Manoj B.; Mercer, Carol; Mercier, Anne E.; Mergny, Jean-Louis; Merighi, Adalberto; Merkley, Seth D.; Merla, Giuseppe; Meske, Volker; Mestre, Ana Cecilia; Metur, Shree Padma; Meyer, Christian; Meyer, Hemmo; Mi, Wenyi; Mialet-Perez, Jeanne; Miao, Junying; Micale, Lucia; Miki, Yasuo; Milan, Enrico; Milczarek, Małgorzata; Miller, Dana L.; Miller, Samuel I.; Miller, Silke; Millward, Steven W.; Milosevic, Ira; Minina, Elena A.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Mishra, Amit; Mishra, Nandita; Mishra, Paras Kumar; Misirkic Marjanovic, Maja; Misasi, Roberta; Misra, Amit; Misso, Gabriella; Mitchell, Claire; Mitou, Geraldine; Miura, Tetsuji; Miyamoto, Shigeki; Miyazaki, Makoto; Miyazaki, Mitsunori; Miyazaki, Taiga; Miyazawa, Keisuke; Mizushima, Noboru; Mogensen, Trine H.; Mograbi, Baharia; Mohammadinejad, Reza; Mohamud, Yasir; Mohanty, Abhishek; Mohapatra, Sipra; Möhlmann, Torsten; Mohmmed, Asif; Moles, Anna; Moley, Kelle H.; Molinari, Maurizio; Mollace, Vincenzo; Møller, Andreas Buch; Mollereau, Bertrand; Mollinedo, Faustino; Montagna, Costanza; Monteiro, Mervyn J.; Montella, Andrea; Montes, L. Ruth; Montico, Barbara; Mony, Vinod K.; Monzio Compagnoni, Giacomo; Moore, Michael N.; Moosavi, Mohammad A.; Mora, Ana L.; Mora, Marina; Morales-Alamo, David; Moratalla, Rosario; Moreira, Paula I.; Morelli, Elena; Moreno, Sandra; Moreno-Blas, Daniel; Moresi, Viviana; Morga, Benjamin; Morgan, Alwena H.; Morin, Fabrice; Morishita, Hideaki; Moritz, Orson L.; Moriyama, Mariko; Moriyasu, Yuji; Morleo, Manuela; Morselli, Eugenia; Moruno-Manchon, Jose F.; Moscat, Jorge; Mostowy, Serge; Motori, Elisa; Moura, Andrea Felinto; Moustaid-Moussa, Naima; Mrakovcic, Maria; Muciño-Hernández, Gabriel; Mukherjee, Anupam; Mukhopadhyay, Subhadip; Mulcahy Levy, Jean M.; Mulero, Victoriano; Muller, Sylviane; Münch, Christian; Munjal, Ashok; Munoz-Canoves, Pura; Muñoz-Galdeano, Teresa; Münz, Christian; Murakawa, Tomokazu; Muratori, Claudia; Murphy, Brona M.; Murphy, J. Patrick; Murthy, Aditya; Myöhänen, Timo T.; Mysorekar, Indira U.; Mytych, Jennifer; Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad; Nabissi, Massimo; Nagy, Péter; Nah, Jihoon; Nahimana, Aimable; Nakagawa, Ichiro; Nakamura, Ken; Nakatogawa, Hitoshi; Nandi, Shyam S.; Nanjundan, Meera; Nanni, Monica; Napolitano, Gennaro; Nardacci, Roberta; Narita, Masashi; Nassif, Melissa; Nathan, Ilana; Natsumeda, Manabu; Naude, Ryno J.; Naumann, Christin; Naveiras, Olaia; Navid, Fatemeh; Nawrocki, Steffan T.; Nazarko, Taras Y.; Nazio, Francesca; Negoita, Florentina; Neill, Thomas; Neisch, Amanda L.; Neri, Luca M.; Netea, Mihai G.; Neubert, Patrick; Neufeld, Thomas P.; Neumann, Dietbert; Neutzner, Albert; Newton, Phillip T.; Ney, Paul A.; Nezis, Ioannis P.; Ng, Charlene C.W.; Ng, Tzi Bun; Nguyen, Hang T. T.; Nguyen, Long T.; Ni, Hong-Min; Ní Cheallaigh, Clíona; Ni, Zhenhong; Nicolao, M. Celeste; Nicoli, Francesco; Nieto-Diaz, Manuel; Nilsson, Per; Ning, Shunbin; Niranjan, Rituraj; Nishimune, Hiroshi; Niso-Santano, Mireia; Nixon, Ralph A.; Nobili, Annalisa; Nobrega, Clevio; Noda, Takeshi; Nogueira-Recalde, Uxía; Nolan, Trevor M.; Nombela, Ivan; Novak, Ivana; Novoa, Beatriz; Nozawa, Takashi; Nukina, Nobuyuki; Nussbaum-Krammer, Carmen; Nylandsted, Jesper; O'Donovan, Tracey R.; O'Leary, Seónadh M.; O'Rourke, Eyleen J.; O'Sullivan, Mary P.; O'Sullivan, Timothy E.; Oddo, Salvatore; Oehme, Ina; Ogawa, Michinaga; Ogier-Denis, Eric; Ogmundsdottir, Margret H.; Ogretmen, Besim; Oh, Goo Taeg; Oh, Seon-Hee; Oh, Young J.; Ohama, Takashi; Ohashi, Yohei; Ohmuraya, Masaki; Oikonomou, Vasileios; Ojha, Rani; Okamoto, Koji; Okazawa, Hitoshi; Oku, Masahide; Oliván, Sara; Oliveira, Jorge M. A.; Ollmann, Michael; Olzmann, James A.; Omari, Shakib; Omary, M. Bishr; Önal, Gizem; Ondrej, Martin; Ong, Sang-Bing; Ong, Sang-Ging; Onnis, Anna; Orellana, Juan A.; Orellana-Muñoz, Sara; Ortega-Villaizan, Maria Del Mar; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R.; Ortona, Elena; Osiewacz, Heinz D.; Osman, Abdel-Hamid K.; Osta, Rosario; Otegui, Marisa S.; Otsu, Kinya; Ott, Christiane; Ottobrini, Luisa; Ou, Jing-hsiung James; Outeiro, Tiago F.; Oynebraten, Inger; Ozturk, Melek; Pagès, Gilles; Pahari, Susanta; Pajares, Marta; Pajvani, Utpal B.; Pal, Rituraj; Paladino, Simona; Pallet, Nicolas; Palmieri, Michela; Palmisano, Giuseppe; Palumbo, Camilla; Pampaloni, Francesco; Pan, Lifeng; Pan, Qingjun; Pan, Wenliang; Pan, Xin; Panasyuk, Ganna; Pandey, Rahul; Pandey, Udai B.; Pandya, Vrajesh; Paneni, Francesco; Pang, Shirley Y.; Panzarini, Elisa; Papademetrio, Daniela L.; Papaleo, Elena; Papinski, Daniel; Papp, Diana; Park, Eun Chan; Park, Hwan Tae; Park, Ji-Man; Park, Jong-In; Park, Joon Tae; Park, Junsoo; Park, Sang Chul; Park, Sang-Youel; Parola, Abraham H.; Parys, Jan B.; Pasquier, Adrien; Pasquier, Benoit; Passos, João F.; Pastore, Nunzia; Patel, Hemal H.; Patschan, Daniel; Pattingre, Sophie; Pedraza-Alva, Gustavo; Pedraza-Chaverri, Jose; Pedrozo, Zully; Pei, Gang; Pei, Jianming; Peled-Zehavi, Hadas; Pellegrini, Joaquín M.; Pelletier, Joffrey; Peñalva, Miguel A.; Peng, Di; Peng, Ying; Penna, Fabio; Pennuto, Maria; Pentimalli, Francesca; Pereira, Cláudia MF; Pereira, Gustavo J.S.; Pereira, Lilian C.; Pereira de Almeida, Luis; Perera, Nirma D.; Pérez-Lara, Ángel; Perez-Oliva, Ana B.; Pérez-Pérez, María Esther; Periyasamy, Palsamy; Perl, Andras; Perrotta, Cristiana; Perrotta, Ida; Pestell, Richard G.; Petersen, Morten; Petrache, Irina; Petrovski, Goran; Pfirrmann, Thorsten; Pfister, Astrid S.; Philips, Jennifer A.; Pi, Huifeng; Picca, Anna; Pickrell, Alicia M.; Picot, Sandy; Pierantoni, Giovanna M.; Pierdominici, Marina; Pierre, Philippe; Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie; Pierzynowska, Karolina; Pietrocola, Federico; Pietruczuk, Miroslawa; Pignata, Claudio; Pimentel-Muiños, Felipe X.; Pinar, Mario; Pinheiro, Roberta O.; Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit; Pinton, Paolo; Pircs, Karolina; Piya, Sujan; Pizzo, Paola; Plantinga, Theo S.; Platta, Harald W.; Plaza-Zabala, Ainhoa; Plomann, Markus; Plotnikov, Egor Y.; Plun-Favreau, Helene; Pluta, Ryszard; Pocock, Roger; Pöggeler, Stefanie; Pohl, Christian; Poirot, Marc; Poletti, Angelo; Ponpuak, Marisa; Popelka, Hana; Popova, Blagovesta; Porta, Helena; Porte Alcon, Soledad; Portilla-Fernandez, Eliana; Post, Martin; Potts, Malia B.; Poulton, Joanna; Powers, Ted; Prahlad, Veena; Prajsnar, Tomasz K.; Praticò, Domenico; Prencipe, Rosaria; Priault, Muriel; Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula; Promponas, Vasilis J.; Proud, Christopher G.; Puertollano, Rosa; Puglielli, Luigi; Pulinilkunnil, Thomas; Puri, Deepika; Puri, Rajat; Puyal, Julien; Qi, Xiaopeng; Qi, Yongmei; Qian, Wenbin; Qiang, Lei; Qiu, Yu; Quadrilatero, Joe; Quarleri, Jorge; Raben, Nina; Rabinowich, Hannah; Ragona, Debora; Ragusa, Michael J.; Rahimi, Nader; Rahmati, Marveh; Raia, Valeria; Raimundo, Nuno; Rajasekaran, Namakkal-Soorappan; Ramachandra Rao, Sriganesh; Rami, Abdelhaq; Ramírez-Pardo, Ignacio; Ramsden, David B.; Randow, Felix; Rangarajan, Pundi N.; Ranieri, Danilo; Rao, Hai; Rao, Lang; Rao, Rekha; Rathore, Sumit; Ratnayaka, J. Arjuna; Ratovitski, Edward A.; Ravanan, Palaniyandi; Ravegnini, Gloria; Ray, Swapan K.; Razani, Babak; Rebecca, Vito; Reggiori, Fulvio; Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne; Reichert, Andreas S.; Reigada, David; Reiling, Jan H.; Rein, Theo; Reipert, Siegfried; Rekha, Rokeya Sultana; Ren, Hongmei; Ren, Jun; Ren, Weichao; Renault, Tristan; Renga, Giorgia; Reue, Karen; Rewitz, Kim; Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Bruna; Riazuddin, S. Amer; Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M.; Ricci, Jean-Ehrland; Ricci, Romeo; Riccio, Victoria; Richardson, Des R.; Rikihisa, Yasuko; Risbud, Makarand V.; Risueño, Ruth M.; Ritis, Konstantinos; Rizza, Salvatore; Rizzuto, Rosario; Roberts, Helen C.; Roberts, Luke D.; Robinson, Katherine J.; Roccheri, Maria Carmela; Rocchi, Stephane; Rodney, George G.; Rodrigues, Tiago; Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon; Rodriguez, Amaia; Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth; Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves; Rodriguez-Rocha, Humberto; Roelofs, Jeroen; Rogers, Robert S.; Rogov, Vladimir V.; Rojo, Ana I.; Rolka, Krzysztof; Romanello, Vanina; Romani, Luigina; Romano, Alessandra; Romano, Patricia S.; Romeo-Guitart, David; Romero, Luis C.; Romero, Montserrat; Roney, Joseph C.; Rongo, Christopher; Roperto, Sante; Rosenfeldt, Mathias T.; Rosenstiel, Philip; Rosenwald, Anne G.; Roth, Kevin A.; Roth, Lynn; Roth, Steven; Rouschop, Kasper M.A.; Roussel, Benoit D.; Roux, Sophie; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Roy, Ajit; Rozieres, Aurore; Ruano, Diego; Rubinsztein, David C.; Rubtsova, Maria P.; Ruckdeschel, Klaus; Ruckenstuhl, Christoph; Rudolf, Emil; Rudolf, Rüdiger; Ruggieri, Alessandra; Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok; Rusmini, Paola; Russell, Ryan R.; Russo, Gian Luigi; Russo, Maria; Russo, Rossella; Ryabaya, Oxana O.; Ryan, Kevin M.; Ryu, Kwon-Yul; Sabater-Arcis, Maria; Sachdev, Ulka; Sacher, Michael; Sachse, Carsten; Sadhu, Abhishek; Sadoshima, Junichi; Safren, Nathaniel; Saftig, Paul; Sagona, Antonia P.; Sahay, Gaurav; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahin, Mustafa; Sahin, Ozgur; Sahni, Sumit; Saito, Nayuta; Saito, Shigeru; Saito, Tsunenori; Sakai, Ryohei; Sakai, Yasuyoshi; Sakamaki, Jun-Ichi; Saksela, Kalle; Salazar, Gloria; Salazar-Degracia, Anna; Salekdeh, Ghasem H.; Saluja, Ashok K.; Sampaio-Marques, Belém; Sanchez, Maria Cecilia; Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A.; Sanchez-Vera, Victoria; Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa; Sanderson, J. Thomas; Sandri, Marco; Santaguida, Stefano; Santambrogio, Laura; Santana, Magda M.; Santoni, Giorgio; Sanz, Alberto; Sanz, Pascual; Saran, Shweta; Sardiello, Marco; Sargeant, Timothy J.; Sarin, Apurva; Sarkar, Chinmoy; Sarkar, Sovan; Sarrias, Maria-Rosa; Sarkar, Surajit; Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu; Sarparanta, Jaakko; Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya; Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki; Scaglione, K. Matthew; Scatozza, Francesca; Schaefer, Liliana; Schafer, Zachary T.; Schaible, Ulrich E.; Schapira, Anthony H.V.; Scharl, Michael; Schatzl, Hermann M.; Schein, Catherine H.; Scheper, Wiep; Scheuring, David; Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria; Schiappacassi, Monica; Schindl, Rainer; Schlattner, Uwe; Schmidt, Oliver; Schmitt, Roland; Schmidt, Stephen D.; Schmitz, Ingo; Schmukler, Eran; Schneider, Anja; Schneider, Bianca E.; Schober, Romana; Schoijet, Alejandra C.; Schott, Micah B.; Schramm, Michael; Schröder, Bernd; Schuh, Kai; Schüller, Christoph; Schulze, Ryan J.; Schürmanns, Lea; Schwamborn, Jens C.; Schwarten, Melanie; Scialo, Filippo; Sciarretta, Sebastiano; Scott, Melanie J.; Scotto, Kathleen W.; Scovassi, A. Ivana; Scrima, Andrea; Scrivo, Aurora; Sebastian, David; Sebti, Salwa; Sedej, Simon; Segatori, Laura; Segev, Nava; Seglen, Per O.; Seiliez, Iban; Seki, Ekihiro; Selleck, Scott B.; Sellke, Frank W.; Selsby, Joshua T.; Sendtner, Michael; Senturk, Serif; Seranova, Elena; Sergi, Consolato; Serra-Moreno, Ruth; Sesaki, Hiromi; Settembre, Carmine; Setty, Subba Rao Gangi; Sgarbi, Gianluca; Sha, Ou; Shacka, John J.; Shah, Javeed A.; Shang, Dantong; Shao, Changshun; Shao, Feng; Sharbati, Soroush; Sharkey, Lisa M.; Sharma, Dipali; Sharma, Gaurav; Sharma, Kulbhushan; Sharma, Pawan; Sharma, Surendra; Shen, Han-Ming; Shen, Hongtao; Shen, Jiangang; Shen, Ming; Shen, Weili; Shen, Zheni; Sheng, Rui; Sheng, Zhi; Sheng, Zu-Hang; Shi, Jianjian; Shi, Xiaobing; Shi, Ying-Hong; Shiba-Fukushima, Kahori; Shieh, Jeng-Jer; Shimada, Yohta; Shimizu, Shigeomi; Shimozawa, Makoto; Shintani, Takahiro; Shoemaker, Christopher J.; Shojaei, Shahla; Shoji, Ikuo; Shravage, Bhupendra V.; Shridhar, Viji; Shu, Chih-Wen; Shu, Hong-Bing; Shui, Ke; Shukla, Arvind K.; Shutt, Timothy E.; Sica, Valentina; Siddiqui, Aleem; Sierra, Amanda; Sierra-Torre, Virginia; Signorelli, Santiago; Sil, Payel; Silva, Bruno J. de Andrade; Silva, Johnatas D.; Silva-Pavez, Eduardo; Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine; Simmonds, Rachel E.; Simon, Anna Katharina; Simon, Hans-Uwe; Simons, Matias; Singh, Anurag; Singh, Lalit P.; Singh, Rajat; Singh, Shivendra V.; Singh, Shrawan K.; Singh, Sudha B.; Singh, Sunaina; Singh, Surinder Pal; Sinha, Debasish; Sinha, Rohit Anthony; Sinha, Sangita; Sirko, Agnieszka; Sirohi, Kapil; Sivridis, Efthimios L.; Skendros, Panagiotis; Skirycz, Aleksandra; Slaninová, Iva; Smaili, Soraya S.; Smertenko, Andrei; Smith, Matthew D.; Soenen, Stefaan J.; Sohn, Eun Jung; Sok, Sophia P. M.; Solaini, Giancarlo; Soldati, Thierry; Soleimanpour, Scott A.; Soler, Rosa M.; Solovchenko, Alexei; Somarelli, Jason A.; Sonawane, Avinash; Song, Fuyong; Song, Hyun Kyu; Song, Ju-Xian; Song, Kunhua; Song, Zhiyin; Soria, Leandro R.; Sorice, Maurizio; Soukas, Alexander A.; Soukup, Sandra-Fausia; Sousa, Diana; Sousa, Nadia; Spagnuolo, Paul A.; Spector, Stephen A.; Srinivas Bharath, M. M.; St. Clair, Daret; Stagni, Venturina; Staiano, Leopoldo; Stalnecker, Clint A.; Stankov, Metodi V.; Stathopulos, Peter B.; Stefan, Katja; Stefan, Sven Marcel; Stefanis, Leonidas; Steffan, Joan S.; Steinkasserer, Alexander; Stenmark, Harald; Sterneckert, Jared; Stevens, Craig; Stoka, Veronika; Storch, Stephan; Stork, Björn; Strappazzon, Flavie; Strohecker, Anne Marie; Stupack, Dwayne G.; Su, Huanxing; Su, Ling-Yan; Su, Longxiang; Suarez-Fontes, Ana M.; Subauste, Carlos S.; Subbian, Selvakumar; Subirada, Paula V.; Sudhandiran, Ganapasam; Sue, Carolyn M.; Sui, Xinbing; Summers, Corey; Sun, Guangchao; Sun, Jun; Sun, Kang; Sun, Meng-xiang; Sun, Qiming; Sun, Yi; Sun, Zhongjie; Sunahara, Karen K.S.; Sundberg, Eva; Susztak, Katalin; Sutovsky, Peter; Suzuki, Hidekazu; Sweeney, Gary; Symons, J. David; Sze, Stephen Cho Wing; Szewczyk, Nathaniel J.; Tabęcka-Łonczynska, Anna; Tabolacci, Claudio; Tacke, Frank; Taegtmeyer, Heinrich; Tafani, Marco; Tagaya, Mitsuo; Tai, Haoran; Tait, Stephen W. G.; Takahashi, Yoshinori; Takats, Szabolcs; Talwar, Priti; Tam, Chit; Tam, Shing Yau; Tampellini, Davide; Tamura, Atsushi; Tan, Chong Teik; Tan, Eng-King; Tan, Ya-Qin; Tanaka, Masaki; Tanaka, Motomasa; Tang, Daolin; Tang, Jingfeng; Tang, Tie-Shan; Tanida, Isei; Tao, Zhipeng; Taouis, Mohammed; Tatenhorst, Lars; Tavernarakis, Nektarios; Taylor, Allen; Taylor, Gregory A.; Taylor, Joan M.; Tchetina, Elena; Tee, Andrew R.; Tegeder, Irmgard; Teis, David; Teixeira, Natercia; Teixeira-Clerc, Fatima; Tekirdag, Kumsal A.; Tencomnao, Tewin; Tenreiro, Sandra; Tepikin, Alexei V.; Testillano, Pilar S.; Tettamanti, Gianluca; Tharaux, Pierre-Louis; Thedieck, Kathrin; Thekkinghat, Arvind A.; Thellung, Stefano; Thinwa, Josephine W.; Thirumalaikumar, V.P.; Thomas, Sufi Mary; Thomes, Paul G.; Thorburn, Andrew; Thukral, Lipi; Thum, Thomas; Thumm, Michael; Tian, Ling; Tichy, Ales; Till, Andreas; Timmerman, Vincent; Titorenko, Vladimir I.; Todi, Sokol V.; Todorova, Krassimira; Toivonen, Janne M.; Tomaipitinca, Luana; Tomar, Dhanendra; Tomas-Zapico, Cristina; Tomić, Sergej; Tong, Benjamin Chun-Kit; Tong, Chao; Tong, Xin; Tooze, Sharon A.; Torgersen, Maria L.; Torii, Satoru; Torres-López, Liliana; Torriglia, Alicia; Towers, Christina G.; Towns, Roberto; Toyokuni, Shinya; Trajkovic, Vladimir; Tramontano, Donatella; Tran, Quynh-Giao; Travassos, Leonardo H.; Trelford, Charles B.; Tremel, Shirley; Trougakos, Ioannis P.; Tsao, Betty P.; Tschan, Mario P.; Tse, Hung-Fat; Tse, Tak Fu; Tsugawa, Hitoshi; Tsvetkov, Andrey S.; Tumbarello, David A.; Tumtas, Yasin; Tuñón, María J.; Turcotte, Sandra; Turk, Boris; Turk, Vito; Turner, Bradley J.; Tuxworth, Richard I.; Tyler, Jessica K.; Tyutereva, Elena V.; Uchiyama, Yasuo; Ugun-Klusek, Aslihan; Uhlig, Holm H.; Ułamek-Kozioł, Marzena; Ulasov, Ilya V.; Umekawa, Midori; Ungermann, Christian; Unno, Rei; Urbe, Sylvie; Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet; Üstün, Suayib; Uversky, Vladimir N; Vaccari, Thomas; Vaccaro, Maria I.; Vahsen, Björn F.; Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Helin; Valdor, Rut; Valente, Maria J.; Valko, Ayelén; Vallee, Richard B.; Valverde, Angela M.; Van den Berghe, Greet; van der Veen, Stijn; Van Kaer, Luc; van Loosdregt, Jorg; van Wijk, Sjoerd J.L.; Vandenberghe, Wim; Vanhorebeek, Ilse; Vannier-Santos, Marcos A.; Vannini, Nicola; Vanrell, M. Cristina; Vantaggiato, Chiara; Varano, Gabriele; Varela-Nieto, Isabel; Varga, Máté; Vasconcelos, M. Helena; Vats, Somya; Vavvas, Demetrios G.; Vega-Naredo, Ignacio; Vega-Rubin-de-Celis, Silvia; Velasco, Guillermo; Velázquez, Ariadna P.; Vellai, Tibor; Vellenga, Edo; Velotti, Francesca; Verdier, Mireille; Verginis, Panayotis; Vergne, Isabelle; Verkade, Paul; Verma, Manish; Verstreken, Patrik; Vervliet, Tim; Vervoorts, Jörg; Vessoni, Alexandre T.; Victor, Victor M.; Vidal, Michel; Vidoni, Chiara; Vieira, Otilia V.; Vierstra, Richard D.; Viganó, Sonia; Vihinen, Helena; Vijayan, Vinoy; Vila, Miquel; Vilar, Marçal; Villalba, José M.; Villalobo, Antonio; Villarejo-Zori, Beatriz; Villarroya, Francesc; Villarroya, Joan; Vincent, Olivier; Vindis, Cecile; Viret, Christophe; Viscomi, Maria Teresa; Visnjic, Dora; Vitale, Ilio; Vocadlo, David J.; Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V.; Volonté, Cinzia; Volta, Mattia; Vomero, Marta; Von Haefen, Clarissa; Vooijs, Marc A.; Voos, Wolfgang; Vucicevic, Ljubica; Wade-Martins, Richard; Waguri, Satoshi; Waite, Kenrick A.; Wakatsuki, Shuji; Walker, David W.; Walker, Mark J.; Walker, Simon A.; Walter, Jochen; Wandosell, Francisco G.; Wang, Bo; Wang, Chao-Yung; Wang, Chen; Wang, Chenran; Wang, Chenwei; Wang, Cun-Yu; Wang, Dong; Wang, Fangyang; Wang, Feng; Wang, Fengming; Wang, Guansong; Wang, Han; Wang, Hao; Wang, Hexiang; Wang, Hong-Gang; Wang, Jianrong; Wang, Jigang; Wang, Jiou; Wang, Jundong; Wang, Kui; Wang, Lianrong; Wang, Liming; Wang, Maggie Haitian; Wang, Meiqing; Wang, Nanbu; Wang, Pengwei; Wang, Peipei; Wang, Ping; Wang, Ping; Wang, Qing Jun; Wang, Qing; Wang, Qing Kenneth; Wang, Qiong A.; Wang, Wen-Tao; Wang, Wuyang; Wang, Xinnan; Wang, Xuejun; Wang, Yan; Wang, Yanchang; Wang, Yanzhuang; Wang, Yen-Yun; Wang, Yihua; Wang, Yipeng; Wang, Yu; Wang, Yuqi; Wang, Zhe; Wang, Zhenyu; Wang, Zhouguang; Warnes, Gary; Warnsmann, Verena; Watada, Hirotaka; Watanabe, Eizo; Watchon, Maxinne; Wawrzyńska, Anna; Weaver, Timothy E.; Wegrzyn, Grzegorz; Wehman, Ann M.; Wei, Huafeng; Wei, Lei; Wei, Taotao; Wei, Yongjie; Weiergräber, Oliver H.; Weihl, Conrad C.; Weindl, Günther; Weiskirchen, Ralf; Wells, Alan; Wen, Runxia H.; Wen, Xin; Werner, Antonia; Weykopf, Beatrice; Wheatley, Sally P.; Whitton, J. Lindsay; Whitworth, Alexander J.; Wiktorska, Katarzyna; Wildenberg, Manon E.; Wileman, Tom; Wilkinson, Simon; Willbold, Dieter; Williams, Brett; Williams, Robin S.B.; Williams, Roger L.; Williamson, Peter R.; Wilson, Richard A.; Winner, Beate; Winsor, Nathaniel J.; Witkin, Steven S.; Wodrich, Harald; Woehlbier, Ute; Wollert, Thomas; Wong, Esther; Wong, Jack Ho; Wong, Richard W.; Wong, Vincent Kam Wai; Wong, W. Wei-Lynn; Wu, An-Guo; Wu, Chengbiao; Wu, Jian; Wu, Junfang; Wu, Kenneth K.; Wu, Min; Wu, Shan-Ying; Wu, Shengzhou; Wu, Shu-Yan; Wu, Shufang; Wu, William K.K.; Wu, Xiaohong; Wu, Xiaoqing; Wu, Yao-Wen; Wu, Yihua; Xavier, Ramnik J.; Xia, Hongguang; Xia, Lixin; Xia, Zhengyuan; Xiang, Ge; Xiang, Jin; Xiang, Mingliang; Xiang, Wei; Xiao, Bin; Xiao, Guozhi; Xiao, Hengyi; Xiao, Hong-tao; Xiao, Jian; Xiao, Lan; Xiao, Shi; Xiao, Yin; Xie, Baoming; Xie, Chuan-Ming; Xie, Min; Xie, Yuxiang; Xie, Zhiping; Xie, Zhonglin; Xilouri, Maria; Xu, Congfeng; Xu, En; Xu, Haoxing; Xu, Jing; Xu, JinRong; Xu, Liang; Xu, Wen Wen; Xu, Xiulong; Xue, Yu; Yakhine-Diop, Sokhna M.S.; Yamaguchi, Masamitsu; Yamaguchi, Osamu; Yamamoto, Ai; Yamashina, Shunhei; Yan, Shengmin; Yan, Shian-Jang; Yan, Zhen; Yanagi, Yasuo; Yang, Chuanbin; Yang, Dun-Sheng; Yang, Huan; Yang, Huang-Tian; Yang, Hui; Yang, Jin-Ming; Yang, Jing; Yang, Jingyu; Yang, Ling; Yang, Liu; Yang, Ming; Yang, Pei-Ming; Yang, Qian; Yang, Seungwon; Yang, Shu; Yang, Shun-Fa; Yang, Wannian; Yang, Wei Yuan; Yang, Xiaoyong; Yang, Xuesong; Yang, Yi; Yang, Ying; Yao, Honghong; Yao, Shenggen; Yao, Xiaoqiang; Yao, Yong-Gang; Yao, Yong-Ming; Yasui, Takahiro; Yazdankhah, Meysam; Yen, Paul M.; Yi, Cong; Yin, Xiao-Ming; Yin, Yanhai; Yin, Zhangyuan; Yin, Ziyi; Ying, Meidan; Ying, Zheng; Yip, Calvin K.; Yiu, Stephanie Pei Tung; Yoo, Young H.; Yoshida, Kiyotsugu; Yoshii, Saori R.; Yoshimori, Tamotsu; Yousefi, Bahman; Yu, Boxuan; Yu, Haiyang; Yu, Jun; Yu, Jun; Yu, Li; Yu, Ming-Lung; Yu, Seong-Woon; Yu, Victor C.; Yu, W. Haung; Yu, Zhengping; Yu, Zhou; Yuan, Junying; Yuan, Ling-Qing; Yuan, Shilin; Yuan, Shyng-Shiou F.; Yuan, Yanggang; Yuan, Zengqiang; Yue, Jianbo; Yue, Zhenyu; Yun, Jeanho; Yung, Raymond L.; Zacks, David N.; Zaffagnini, Gabriele; Zambelli, Vanessa O.; Zanella, Isabella; Zang, Qun S.; Zanivan, Sara; Zappavigna, Silvia; Zaragoza, Pilar; Zarbalis, Konstantinos S.; Zarebkohan, Amir; Zarrouk, Amira; Zeitlin, Scott O.; Zeng, Jialiu; Zeng, Ju-deng; Žerovnik, Eva; Zhan, Lixuan; Zhang, Bin; Zhang, Donna D.; Zhang, Hanlin; Zhang, Hong; Zhang, Hong; Zhang, Honghe; Zhang, Huafeng; Zhang, Huaye; Zhang, Hui; Zhang, Hui-Ling; Zhang, Jianbin; Zhang, Jianhua; Zhang, Jing-Pu; Zhang, Kalin Y.B.; Zhang, Leshuai W.; Zhang, Lin; Zhang, Lisheng; Zhang, Lu; Zhang, Luoying; Zhang, Menghuan; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Sheng; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Xiangnan; Zhang, Xiao-Wei; Zhang, Xiaolei; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Xin; Zhang, Xinxin; Zhang, Xu Dong; Zhang, Yang; Zhang, Yanjin; Zhang, Yi; Zhang, Ying-Dong; Zhang, Yingmei; Zhang, Yuan-Yuan; Zhang, Yuchen; Zhang, Zhe; Zhang, Zhengguang; Zhang, Zhibing; Zhang, Zhihai; Zhang, Zhiyong; Zhang, Zili; Zhao, Haobin; Zhao, Lei; Zhao, Shuang; Zhao, Tongbiao; Zhao, Xiao-Fan; Zhao, Ying; Zhao, Yongchao; Zhao, Yongliang; Zhao, Yuting; Zheng, Guoping; Zheng, Kai; Zheng, Ling; Zheng, Shizhong; Zheng, Xi-Long; Zheng, Yi; Zheng, Zu-Guo; Zhivotovsky, Boris; Zhong, Qing; Zhou, Ao; Zhou, Ben; Zhou, Cefan; Zhou, Gang; Zhou, Hao; Zhou, Hong; Zhou, Hongbo; Zhou, Jie; Zhou, Jing; Zhou, Jing; Zhou, Jiyong; Zhou, Kailiang; Zhou, Rongjia; Zhou, Xu-Jie; Zhou, Yanshuang; Zhou, Yinghong; Zhou, Yubin; Zhou, Zheng-Yu; Zhou, Zhou; Zhu, Binglin; Zhu, Changlian; Zhu, Guo-Qing; Zhu, Haining; Zhu, Hongxin; Zhu, Hua; Zhu, Wei-Guo; Zhu, Yanping; Zhu, Yushan; Zhuang, Haixia; Zhuang, Xiaohong; Zientara-Rytter, Katarzyna; Zimmermann, Christine M.; Ziviani, Elena; Zoladek, Teresa; Zong, Wei-Xing; Zorov, Dmitry B.; Zorzano, Antonio; Zou, Weiping; Zou, Zhen; Zou, Zhengzhi; Zuryn, Steven; Zwerschke, Werner; Brand-Saberi, Beate; Dong, X. Charlie; Kenchappa, Chandra Shekar; Li, Zuguo; Lin, Yong; Oshima, Shigeru; Rong, Yueguang; Sluimer, Judith C.; Stallings, Christina L.; Tong, Chun-Kit

Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

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© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Received 14 Jul 2020, Published online: 08 Feb 2021. Dedicated to the memory of our colleagues Caty Casas, Yukiko Kabeya and Beth Levine. In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this manuscript have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM131919]. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the corresponding author.

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

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