First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon
- Creators
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Akiyama, Kazunori
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Algaba, Juan Carlos
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Alberdi, Antxon
- Alef, Walter
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Anantua, Richard
- Asada, Keiichi
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Azulay, Rebecca
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Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
- Ball, David
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Baloković, Mislav
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Barrett, John
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Benson, Bradford A.
- Bintley, Dan
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Blackburn, Lindy
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Blundell, Raymond
- Boland, Wilfred
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Bouman, Katherine L.
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Bower, Geoffrey C.
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Boyce, Hope
- Bremer, Michael
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Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
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Brissenden, Roger
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Britzen, Silke
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Broderick, Avery E.
- Broguiere, Dominique
- Bronzwaer, Thomas
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Byun, Do-Young
- Carlstrom, John E.
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Chael, Andrew
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Chan, Chi-kwan
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Chatterjee, Shami
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Chatterjee, Koushik
- Chen, Ming-Tang
- Chen, Yongjun
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Chesler, Paul M.
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Cho, Ilje
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Christian, Pierre
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Conway, John E.
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Cordes, James M.
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Crawford, Thomas M.
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Crew, Geoffrey B.
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Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
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Cui, Yuzhu
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Davelaar, Jordy
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De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
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Deane, Roger
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Dempsey, Jessica
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Desvignes, Gregory
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Dexter, Jason
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Doeleman, Sheperd S.
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Eatough, Ralph P.
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Falcke, Heino
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Farah, Joseph
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Fish, Vincent L.
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Fomalont, Ed
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Ford, H. Alyson
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Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
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Friberg, Per
- Fromm, Christian M.
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Fuentes, Antonio
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Galison, Peter
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Gammie, Charles F.
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García, Roberto
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Gelles, Zachary
- Gentaz, Olivier
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Georgiev, Boris
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Goddi, Ciriaco
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Gold, Roman
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Gómez, José L.
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Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
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Gu, Minfeng
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Gurwell, Mark
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Hada, Kazuhiro
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Haggard, Daryl
- Hecht, Michael H.
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Hesper, Ronald
- Himwich, Elizabeth
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Ho, Luis C.
- Ho, Paul
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Honma, Mareki
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Huang, Chih-Wei L.
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Huang, Lei
- Hughes, David H.
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Ikeda, Shiro
- Inoue, Makoto
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Issaoun, Sara
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James, David J.
- Jannuzi, Buell T.
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Janssen, Michael
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Jeter, Britton
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Jiang, Wu
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Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra
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Johnson, Michael D.
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Jorstad, Svetlana
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Jung, Taehyun
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Karami, Mansour
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Karuppusamy, Ramesh
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Kawashima, Tomohisa
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Keating, Garrett K.
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Kettenis, Mark
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Kim, Dong-Jin
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Kim, Jae-Young
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Kim, Jongsoo
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Kim, Junhan
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Kino, Motoki
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Koay, Jun Yi
- Kofuji, Yutaro
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Koch, Patrick M.
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Koyama, Shoko
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Kramer, Michael
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Kramer, Carsten
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Krichbaum, Thomas P.
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Kuo, Cheng-Yu
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Lauer, Tod R.
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Lee, Sang-Sung
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Levis, Aviad
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Li, Yan-Rong
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Li, Zhiyuan
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Lindqvist, Michael
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Lico, Rocco
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Lindahl, Greg
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Liu, Jun
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Liu, Kuo
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Liuzzo, Elisabetta
- Lo, Wen-Ping
- Lobanov, Andrei P.
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Loinard, Laurent
- Lonsdale, Colin
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Lu, Ru-Sen
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MacDonald, Nicholas R.
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Mao, Jirong
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Marchili, Nicola
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Markoff, Sera
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Marrone, Daniel P.
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Marscher, Alan P.
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Martí-Vidal, Iván
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Matsushita, Satoki
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Matthews, Lynn D.
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Medeiros, Lia
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Menten, Karl M.
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Mizuno, Izumi
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Mizuno, Yosuke
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Moran, James M.
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Moriyama, Kotaro
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Moscibrodzka, Monika
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Müller, Cornelia
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Musoke, Gibwa
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Mejías, Alejandro Mus
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Michalik, Daniel
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Nadolski, Andrew
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Nagai, Hiroshi
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Nagar, Neil M.
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Nakamura, Masanori
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Narayan, Ramesh
- Narayanan, Gopal
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Natarajan, Iniyan
- Nathanail, Antonios
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Neilsen, Joey
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Neri, Roberto
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Ni, Chunchong
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Noutsos, Aristeidis
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Nowak, Michael A.
- Okino, Hiroki
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Olivares, Héctor
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Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
- Oyama, Tomoaki
- Özel, Feryal
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Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
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Park, Jongho
- Patel, Nimesh
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Pen, Ue-Li
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Pesce, Dominic W.
- Piétu, Vincent
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Plambeck, Richard
- PopStefanija, Aleksandar
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Porth, Oliver
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Pötzl, Felix M.
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Prather, Ben
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Preciado-López, Jorge A.
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Psaltis, Dimitrios
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Pu, Hung-Yi
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Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
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Rao, Ramprasad
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Rawlings, Mark G.
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Raymond, Alexander W.
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Rezzolla, Luciano
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Ricarte, Angelo
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Ripperda, Bart
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Roelofs, Freek
- Rogers, Alan
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Ros, Eduardo
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Rose, Mel
- Roshanineshat, Arash
- Rottmann, Helge
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Roy, Alan L.
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Ruszczyk, Chet
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Rygl, Kazi L. J.
- Sánchez, Salvador
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Sánchez-Arguelles, David
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Sasada, Mahito
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Savolainen, Tuomas
- Schloerb, F. Peter
- Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
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Shao, Lijing
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Shen, Zhiqiang
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Small, Des
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Sohn, Bong Won
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SooHoo, Jason
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Sun, He
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Tazaki, Fumie
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Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
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Tiede, Paul
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Tilanus, Remo P. J.
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Titus, Michael
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Toma, Kenji
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Torne, Pablo
- Trent, Tyler
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Traianou, Efthalia
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Trippe, Sascha
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Bemmel, Ilse van
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van Langevelde, Huib Jan
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van Rossum, Daniel R.
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Wagner, Jan
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Ward-Thompson, Derek
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Wardle, John
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Weintroub, Jonathan
- Wex, Norbert
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Wharton, Robert
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Wielgus, Maciek
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Wong, George N.
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Wu, Qingwen
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Yoon, Doosoo
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Young, André
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Young, Ken
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Younsi, Ziri
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Yuan, Feng
- Yuan, Ye-Fei
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Zensus, J. Anton
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Zhao, Guang-Yao
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Zhao, Shan-Shan
- Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Abstract
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations at 230 GHz have now imaged polarized emission around the supermassive black hole in M87 on event-horizon scales. This polarized synchrotron radiation probes the structure of magnetic fields and the plasma properties near the black hole. Here we compare the resolved polarization structure observed by the EHT, along with simultaneous unresolved observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, to expectations from theoretical models. The low fractional linear polarization in the resolved image suggests that the polarization is scrambled on scales smaller than the EHT beam, which we attribute to Faraday rotation internal to the emission region. We estimate the average density ne ~ 10⁴⁻⁷ cm⁻³, magnetic field strength B ~ 1–30 G, and electron temperature T_e ~ (1–12) × 10¹⁰ K of the radiating plasma in a simple one-zone emission model. We show that the net azimuthal linear polarization pattern may result from organized, poloidal magnetic fields in the emission region. In a quantitative comparison with a large library of simulated polarimetric images from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, we identify a subset of physical models that can explain critical features of the polarimetric EHT observations while producing a relativistic jet of sufficient power. The consistent GRMHD models are all of magnetically arrested accretion disks, where near-horizon magnetic fields are dynamically important. We use the models to infer a mass accretion rate onto the black hole in M87 of (3–20) × 10⁻⁴ M⊙ yr⁻¹.
Additional Information
© 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2020 December 2; revised 2021 February 3; accepted 2021 February 8; published 2021 March 24. The authors of the present Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19_058 (TITANs), and Fondecyt 3190878; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the black hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356, 57265507); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the EACOA Fellowship of the East Asia Core Observatories Association; the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF- 3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW- SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011). We further thank the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, JP19H01943, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119- M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005, 108-2112-M-001-048, and 109-2124-M-001-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA grant NNX17AL82G, Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555, and NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1903847, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053); a fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671266); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants 2014H1A2A1018695, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X and DD7-18089X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This paper has made use of the following APEX data: Project ID T-091.F-0006-2013. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA), with financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and the National Science Foundation. The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR- 1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.Attached Files
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 108546
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20210324-142607806
- Academy of Finland
- 274477
- Academy of Finland
- 284495
- Academy of Finland
- 312496
- Academy of Finland
- 315721
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)
- NCN19_058
- Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT)
- 3190878
- Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Allegro
- ALMA Regional Centre
- Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA)
- University of Amsterdam
- Leiden University
- Radboud University
- Harvard University
- John Templeton Foundation
- 60477
- China Scholarship Council
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- U0004-246083
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- U0004-259839
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- F0003-272050
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- M0037-279006
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- F0003-281692
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- 104497
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- 275201
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- 263356
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
- 57265507
- Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- IN112417
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- IN112820
- East Asia Core Observatories Association
- European Research Council (ERC)
- 610058
- Generalitat Valenciana
- APOSTD/2018/177
- Generalitat Valenciana
- CIDEGENT/2018/021
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
- PID2019-108995GB-C22
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- GBMF-3561
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- GBMF-5278
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Princeton University
- Flatiron Institute
- Columbia University
- Simons Foundation
- Monbukagakusho
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP17J08829
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- QYZDJSSW-SYS008
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- ZDBS-LY-SLH011
- Leverhulme Trust
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 18KK0090
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP18K13594
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP18K03656
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP18H03721
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 18K03709
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 18H01245
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP19H01943
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 25120007
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant
- FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 106-2112-M-001-011
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 106-2119-M-001-027
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 107-2119-M-001-017
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 107-2119-M-001-020
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 107-2119-M-110-005
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 108-2112-M-001-048
- Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
- 109-2124-M-001-005
- NASA
- 80NSSC20K1567
- NASA
- 80NSSC20K0527
- NASA
- NNX17AL82G
- NASA Hubble Fellowship
- HST-HF2-51431.001-A
- NASA
- NAS5-26555
- NASA
- 80NSSC20K0645
- National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2016YFA0400704
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2016YFA0400702
- NSF
- AST-0096454
- NSF
- AST-0352953
- NSF
- AST-0521233
- NSF
- AST-0705062
- NSF
- AST-0905844
- NSF
- AST-0922984
- NSF
- AST-1126433
- NSF
- AST-1140030
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
- DGE-1144085
- NSF
- AST-1207704
- NSF
- AST-1207730
- NSF
- AST-1207752
- NSF
- MRI-1228509
- NSF
- OPP-1248097
- NSF
- AST-1310896
- NSF
- AST-1337663
- NSF
- AST-1440254
- NSF
- AST-1555365
- NSF
- AST-1615796
- NSF
- AST-1715061
- NSF
- AST-1716327
- NSF
- AST-1716536
- NSF
- OISE-1743747
- NSF
- AST-1816420
- NSF
- AST-1903847
- NSF
- AST-1935980
- NSF
- AST-2034306
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11573051
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11633006
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11650110427
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 10625314
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11721303
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11725312
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11933007
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11991052
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 11991053
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- 2020M671266
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- 2014H1A2A1018695
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- NRF-2015H1A2A1033752
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- 2015-R1D1A1A01056807
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- NRF-2015H1D3A1066561
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- 2019R1F1A1059721
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- 639.043.513
- Spinoza Prize
- SPI 78-409
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
- National Research Foundation (South Africa)
- Department of Science and Innovation (South Africa)
- Department of Science and Innovation (South Africa)
- Onsala Space Observatory (OSO)
- Swedish Research Council
- 2017-00648
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
- Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development (Canada)
- Province of Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
- Severo Ochoa
- PGC2018-098915-B-C21
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
- AYA2016-80889-P
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
- PID2019-108995GB-C21
- Severo Ochoa
- SEV-2017-0709
- Toray Science Foundation
- Junta de Andalucía
- P18-FR-1769
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 2019AEP112
- Department of Energy (DOE)
- 89233218CNA000001
- European Research Council (ERC)
- 730562 RadioNet
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- Academia Sinica
- NASA Chandra
- TM6-17006X
- NASA Chandra
- DD7-18089X
- Generalitat Valenciana
- CIDEGENT/2018/021
- NSF
- ACI-1548562
- NSF
- DBI-0735191
- NSF
- DBI-1265383
- NSF
- DBI-1743442
- NSF
- TG-AST170024
- NSF
- TG-AST080026N
- NSF
- AST-170028
- Compute Ontario
- Calcul Quebec
- Compute Canada
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2017YFA0402700
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
- State of Arizona
- NSF
- PLR-1248097
- NSF
- PHY-1125897
- Kavli Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- GBMF 947
- Created
-
2021-03-24Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
-
2021-11-16Created from EPrint's last_modified field
- Caltech groups
- Astronomy Department