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Published March 2021 | Published + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Catalog of >4000 Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Galaxy Clusters

Hilton, M. ORCID icon
Sifón, C. ORCID icon
Naess, S. ORCID icon
Madhavacheril, M. ORCID icon
Oguri, M. ORCID icon
Rozo, E.
Rykoff, E. ORCID icon
Abbott, T. M. C.
Adhikari, S.
Aguena, M.
Aiola, S.
Allam, S.
Amodeo, S.
Amon, A.
Annis, J. ORCID icon
Ansarinejad, B.
Aros-Bunster, C. ORCID icon
Austermann, J. E. ORCID icon
Avila, S. ORCID icon
Bacon, D.
Battaglia, N.
Beall, J. A.
Becker, D. T.
Bernstein, G. M. ORCID icon
Bertin, E. ORCID icon
Bhandarkar, T.
Bhargava, S.
Bond, J. R. ORCID icon
Brooks, D. ORCID icon
Burke, D. L.
Calabrese, E.
Carrasco Kind, M. ORCID icon
Carretero, J. ORCID icon
Choi, S. K.
Choi, A.
Conselice, C. ORCID icon
da Costa, L. N.
Costanzi, M. ORCID icon
Crichton, D. ORCID icon
Crowley, K. T.
Dünner, R.
Denison, E. V.
Devlin, M. J.
Dicker, S. R. ORCID icon
Diehl, H. T. ORCID icon
Dietrich, J. P. ORCID icon
Doel, P.
Duff, S. M.
Duivenvoorden, A. J.
Dunkley, J.
Everett, S.
Ferraro, S. ORCID icon
Ferrero, I.
Ferté, A. ORCID icon
Flaugher, B. ORCID icon
Frieman, J. ORCID icon
Gallardo, P. A.
García-Bellido, J. ORCID icon
Gaztanaga, E. ORCID icon
Gerdes, D. W. ORCID icon
Giles, P.
Golec, J. E.
Gralla, M. B.
Grandis, S.
Gruen, D. ORCID icon
Gruendl, R. A. ORCID icon
Gschwend, J. ORCID icon
Gutierrez, G. ORCID icon
Han, D.
Hartley, W. G.
Hasselfield, M.
Hill, J. C.
Hilton, G. C. ORCID icon
Hincks, A. D. ORCID icon
Hinton, S. R. ORCID icon
Ho, S-P. P.
Honscheid, K. ORCID icon
Hoyle, B. ORCID icon
Hubmayr, J. ORCID icon
Huffenberger, K. M. ORCID icon
Hughes, J. P. ORCID icon
Jaelani, A. T.
Jain, B.
James, D. J. ORCID icon
Jeltema, T.
Kent, S.
Knowles, K.
Koopman, B. J.
Kuehn, K. ORCID icon
Lahav, O. ORCID icon
Lima, M.
Lin, Y-T.
Lokken, M.
Loubser, S. I.
MacCrann, N.
Maia, M. A. G. ORCID icon
Marriage, T. A.
Martin, J.
McMahon, J.
Melchior, P. ORCID icon
Menanteau, F. ORCID icon
Miquel, R. ORCID icon
Miyatake, H.
Moodley, K. ORCID icon
Morgan, R.
Mroczkowski, T. ORCID icon
Nati, F.
Newburgh, L. B.
Niemack, M. D.
Nishizawa, A. J. ORCID icon
Ogando, R. L. C. ORCID icon
Orlowski-Scherer, J.
Page, L. A.
Palmese, A. ORCID icon
Partridge, B.
Paz-Chinchón, F. ORCID icon
Phakathi, P.
Plazas, A. A. ORCID icon
Robertson, N. C.
Romer, A. K. ORCID icon
Carnero Rosell, A. ORCID icon
Salatino, M.
Sanchez, E. ORCID icon
Schaan, E.
Schillaci, A. ORCID icon
Sehgal, N. ORCID icon
Serrano, S.
Shin, T.
Simon, S. M.
Smith, M.
Soares-Santos, M. ORCID icon
Spergel, D. N. ORCID icon
Staggs, S. T.
Storer, E. R.
Suchyta, E. ORCID icon
Swanson, M. E. C.
Tarle, G. ORCID icon
Thomas, D.
To, C. ORCID icon
Trac, H. ORCID icon
Ullom, J. N.
Vale, L. R.
Van Lanen, J.
Vavagiakis, E. M.
De Vicente, J. ORCID icon
Wilkinson, R. D.
Wollack, E. J. ORCID icon
Xu, Z. ORCID icon
Zhang, Y.

Abstract

We present a catalog of 4195 optically confirmed Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) selected galaxy clusters detected with signal-to-noise ratio >4 in 13,211 deg² of sky surveyed by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). Cluster candidates were selected by applying a multifrequency matched filter to 98 and 150 GHz maps constructed from ACT observations obtained from 2008 to 2018 and confirmed using deep, wide-area optical surveys. The clusters span the redshift range 0.04 < z < 1.91 (median z = 0.52). The catalog contains 222 z > 1 clusters, and a total of 868 systems are new discoveries. Assuming an SZ signal versus mass-scaling relation calibrated from X-ray observations, the sample has a 90% completeness mass limit of M_(500c) > 3.8 × 10¹⁴ M⊙, evaluated at z = 0.5, for clusters detected at signal-to-noise ratio >5 in maps filtered at an angular scale of 2.'4. The survey has a large overlap with deep optical weak-lensing surveys that are being used to calibrate the SZ signal mass-scaling relation, such as the Dark Energy Survey (4566 deg²), the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (469 deg²), and the Kilo Degree Survey (825 deg²). We highlight some noteworthy objects in the sample, including potentially projected systems, clusters with strong lensing features, clusters with active central galaxies or star formation, and systems of multiple clusters that may be physically associated. The cluster catalog will be a useful resource for future cosmological analyses and studying the evolution of the intracluster medium and galaxies in massive clusters over the past 10 Gyr.

Additional Information

© 2021 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2020 September 23; revised 2020 December 1; accepted 2020 December 1; published 2021 February 16. ACT was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through awards AST-0408698, AST-0965625, and AST-1440226 for the ACT project, as well as awards PHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, and PHY-1214379. Funding was also provided by Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) award to UBC. ACT operates in the Parque Astronómico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Comisión Nacional de Investigación (CONICYT). The development of multichroic detectors and lenses was supported by NASA grants NNX13AE56G and NNX14AB58G. Detector research at NIST was supported by the NIST Innovations in Measurement Science program. C.S. acknowledges support from the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo through FONDECYT Iniciación grant No. 11191125. S.K.C. acknowledges support from the Cornell Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship. R.D. thanks CONICYT for grant BASAL CATA AFB-170002. Z.L., E.S., and J.D. are supported through NSF grant AST-1814971. K.M. and M.Hi. acknowledge support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant No. 112132). M.D.N. acknowledges support from NSF award AST-1454881. D.H., A.M., and N.S. acknowledge support from NSF grant Nos. AST-1513618 and AST-1907657. E.C. acknowledges support from the STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/M004856/2 and STFC Consolidated Grant ST/S00033X/1, and from the Horizon 2020 ERC Starting Grant (grant agreement No. 849169). N.B. acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-1910021. M.L. was supported by a Dicke Fellowship. L.P. acknowledges support from the Mishrahi and Wilkinson funds. A.J. acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI grant No. JP17H02868. J.P.H. acknowledges funding for SZ cluster studies from NSF grant No. AST-1615657. R.D. thanks CONICYT for grant BASAL CATA AFB-170002. The Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation. Computations were performed on Hippo at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MEC/MICINN/MINECO (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), DFG (Germany), and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NFS's NOIRLab, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. This work is based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF's NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES Data Management System is supported by the NSF under Grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) collaboration includes the astronomical communities of Japan and Taiwan and Princeton University. The HSC instrumentation and software were developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), the University of Tokyo, the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), the Academia Sinica Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Taiwan (ASIAA), and Princeton University. Funding was contributed by the FIRST program from the Japanese Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), the Toray Science Foundation, NAOJ, Kavli IPMU, KEK, ASIAA, and Princeton University. This paper makes use of software developed for the Rubin Observatory. We thank the Rubin Observatory Project for making their code available as free software at http://dm.lsst.org. This paper is based in part on data collected at the Subaru Telescope and retrieved from the HSC data archive system, which is operated by Subaru Telescope and Astronomy Data Center (ADC) at NAOJ. Data analysis was in part carried out with the cooperation of the Center for Computational Astrophysics (CfCA), NAOJ. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; NOAO Proposal ID 2014B-0404; PIs: David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; NOAO Proposal ID 2015A-0801; PIs: Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; NOAO Proposal ID 2016A-0453; PI: Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS, and MzLS together include data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO); the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOAO. The Legacy Surveys project is honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham Nation. NOAO is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Legacy Survey team makes use of data products from the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. NEOWISE is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Legacy Surveys imaging of the DESI footprint is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123; by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; and by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to NOAO. Software: AstroPy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013), Core Cosmology Library (Chisari et al. 2019), Pixell (https://github.com/simonsobs/pixell/).

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Additional details

Created:
August 22, 2023
Modified:
October 23, 2023