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Published October 2020 | Submitted + Published
Journal Article Open

Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Sirunyan, A. M.
Tumasyan, A.
Adam, W.
Ambrogi, F.
Arnold, B.
Bergauer, H.
Bergauer, T.
Dragicevic, M.
Erö, J.
Valle, A. Escalante Del
Flechl, M.
Frühwirth, R.
Jeitler, M.
Krammer, N.
Krätschmer, I.
Liko, D.
Madlener, T.
Mikulec, I.
Rad, N.
Schieck, J.
Schöfbeck, R.
Spanring, M.
Templ, S.
Waltenberger, W.
Wulz, C.-E.
Zarucki, M.
Drugakov, V.
Mossolov, V.
Gonzalez, J. Suarez
Darwish, M.R.
Wolf, E.A. De
Croce, D. Di
Janssen, X.
Kello, T.
Lelek, A.
Pieters, M.
Sfar, H. Rejeb
Haevermaet, H. Van
Mechelen, P. Van
Putte, S. Van
Remortel, N. Van
Blekman, F.
Bols, E.S.
Chhibra, S.S.
D'Hondt, J.
Clercq, J. De
Lontkovskyi, D.
Lowette, S.
Marchesini, I.
Moortgat, S.
Python, Q.
Tavernier, S.
Doninck, W. Van
Mulders, P. Van
Beghin, D.
Bilin, B.
Clerbaux, B.
Lentdecker, G. De
Delannoy, H.
Dorney, B.
Favart, L.
Grebenyuk, A.
Kalsi, A.K.
Moureaux, L.
Popov, A.
Postiau, N.
Starling, E.
Thomas, L.
Velde, C. Vander
Vanlaer, P.
Vannerom, D.
Cornelis, T.
Dobur, D.
Khvastunov, I.
Niedziela, M.
Roskas, C.
Skovpen, K.
Tytgat, M.
Verbeke, W.
Vermassen, B.
Vit, M.
Bruno, G.
Caputo, C.
David, P.
Delaere, C.
Delcourt, M.
Giammanco, A.
Lemaitre, V.
Prisciandaro, J.
Saggio, A.
Vischia, P.
Zobec, J.
Alves, G.A.
Silva, G. Correia
Hensel, C.
Moraes, A.
Chagas, E. Belchior Batista Das
Carvalho, W.
Chinellato, J.
Coelho, E.
Costa, E.M. Da
Silveira, G.G. Da
Damiao, D. De Jesus
Martins, C. De Oliveira
Souza, S. Fonseca De
Malbouisson, H.
Martins, J.
Figueiredo, D. Matos
Jaime, M. Medina
Almeida, M. Melo De
Herrera, C. Mora
Mundim, L.
Nogima, H.
Silva, W.L. Prado Da
Teles, P. Rebello
Rosas, L.J. Sanchez
Santoro, A.
Sznajder, A.
Thiel, M.
Manganote, E.J. Tonelli
Araujo, F. Torres Da Silva De
Pereira, A. Vilela
Bernardes, C.A.
Calligaris, L.
Tomei, T.R. Fernandez Perez
Gregores, E.M.
Lemos, D.S.
Mercadante, P.G.
Novaes, S.F.
Padula, Sandra S.
Aleksandrov, A.
Antchev, G.
Hadjiiska, R.
Iaydjiev, P.
Misheva, M.
Rodozov, M.
Shopova, M.
Sultanov, G.
Bonchev, M.
Dimitrov, A.
Ivanov, T.
Litov, L.
Pavlov, B.
Petkov, P.
Petrov, A.
Fang, W.
Gao, X.
Yuan, L.
Ahmad, M.
Hu, Z.
Wang, Y.
Chen, G.M.
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Chen, M.
Jiang, C.H.
Leggat, D.
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Liu, Z.
Spiezia, A.
Tao, J.
Yazgan, E.
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Mao, Y.
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Hernández, C.F. González
Delgado, M.A. Segura
Guisao, J. Mejia
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González, C.A. Salazar
Arbelaez, N. Vanegas
Giljanović, D.
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Lelas, D.
Puljak, I.
Sculac, T.
Antunovic, Z.
Kovac, M.
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Ferencek, D.
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Majumder, D.
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Roguljic, M.
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Susa, T.
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Erodotou, E.
Ioannou, A.
Kolosova, M.
Konstantinou, S.
Mavromanolakis, G.
Mousa, J.
Nicolaou, C.
Ptochos, F.
Razis, P.A.
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Saka, H.
Tsiakkouri, D.
Finger, M.
Jr., M. Finger
Kveton, A.
Tomsa, J.
Ayala, E.
Jarrin, E. Carrera
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Elgammal, S.
Bhowmik, S.
Oliveira, A. Carvalho Antunes De
Dewanjee, R.K.
Ehataht, K.
Kadastik, M.
Raidal, M.
Veelken, C.
Eerola, P.
Forthomme, L.
Kirschenmann, H.
Osterberg, K.
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Brücken, E.
Garcia, F.
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Karimäki, V.
Kim, M.S.
Kinnunen, R.
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Lehti, S.
Lindén, T.
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Ahuja, S.
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Faccioli, P.
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Gorbunov, I.
Kamenev, A.
Karjavine, V.
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Malakhov, A.
Matveev, V.
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Palichik, V.
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Savina, M.
Shmatov, S.
Shulha, S.
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Smirnov, V.
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Kim, V.
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Murzin, V.
Oreshkin, V.
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Sulimov, V.
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Kirsanov, M.
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Azarkin, M.
Dremin, I.
Kirakosyan, M.
Terkulov, A.
Belyaev, A.
Boos, E.
Dubinin, M. ORCID icon
Dudko, L.
Ershov, A.
Gribushin, A.
Kaminskiy, A.
Klyukhin, V.
Kodolova, O.
Lokhtin, I.
Obraztsov, S.
Petrushanko, S.
Savrin, V.
Barnyakov, A.
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Dimova, T.
Kardapoltsev, L.
Ovtin, I.
Skovpen, Y.
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Kachanov, V.
Konstantinov, D.
Mandrik, P.
Petrov, V.
Ryutin, R.
Slabospitskii, S.
Sobol, A.
Troshin, S.
Tyurin, N.
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Volkov, A.
Babaev, A.
Iuzhakov, A.
Okhotnikov, V.
Borchsh, V.
Ivanchenko, V.
Tcherniaev, E.
Adzic, P.
Cirkovic, P.
Dordevic, M.
Milenovic, P.
Milosevic, J.
Rekovic, V.
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Aguilar-Benitez, M.
Maestre, J. Alcaraz
Fernández, A. Álvarez
Bachiller, I.
Luna, M. Barrio
Bedoya, Cristina F.
Cifuentes, J.A. Brochero
Montoya, C.A. Carrillo
Cepeda, M.
Cerrada, M.
Colino, N.
Cruz, B. De La
Peris, A. Delgado
Ramos, J.P. Fernández
Flix, J.
Fouz, M.C.
Lopez, O. Gonzalez
Lopez, S. Goy
Hernandez, J.M.
Josa, M.I.
Moran, D.
Tobar, Á. Navarro
Yzquierdo, A. Pérez-Calero
Pelayo, J. Puerta
Redondo, I.
Romero, L.
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Calderon, A.
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Alonso, A. García
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Dharmaratna, W.G.D.
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Guilbaud, M.
Gulhan, D.
Hegeman, J.
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Karacheban, O.
Kaspar, J.
Kieseler, J.
Krammer, M.
Kratochwil, N.
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Long, K.
Lourenço, C.
Malgeri, L.
Mannelli, M.
Massironi, A.
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Orfanelli, S.
Orsini, L.
Pantaleo, F.
Pape, L.
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Petrucciani, G.
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Pierini, M.
Pitters, F.M.
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Racz, A.
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Sakulin, H.
Salfeld-Nebgen, J.
Scarfi, S.
Schäfer, C.
Schwick, C.
Selvaggi, M.
Sharma, A.
Silva, P. ORCID icon
Snoeys, W. ORCID icon
Sphicas, P. ORCID icon
Steggemann, J. ORCID icon
Summers, S.
Tavolaro, V. R. ORCID icon
Treille, D.
Tsirou, A.
Van Onsem, G. P. ORCID icon
Vartak, A. ORCID icon
Verzetti, M.
Wozniak, K. A.
Zeuner, W. D.
Caminada, L. ORCID icon
Deiters, K.
Erdmann, W.
Horisberger, R.
Ingram, Q.
Kaestli, H. C.
Kotlinski, D.
Langenegger, U.
Rohe, T.
Backhaus, M. ORCID icon
Berger, P.
Calandri, A.
Chernyavskaya, N.
Dissertori, G. ORCID icon
Dittmar, M.
Donegà, M.
Dorfer, C.
Gómez Espinosa, T. A. ORCID icon
Grab, C. ORCID icon
Hits, D.
Lustermann, W.
Manzoni, R. A. ORCID icon
Meinhard, M. T.
Micheli, F.
Musella, P. ORCID icon
Nessi-Tedaldi, F.
Pauss, F.
Perovic, V.
Perrin, G.
Perrozzi, L.
Pigazzini, S. ORCID icon
Ratti, M. G. ORCID icon
Reichmann, M.
Reissel, C.
Reitenspiess, T.
Ristic, B.
Ruini, D.
Sanz Becerra, D. A. ORCID icon
Schönenberger, M. ORCID icon
Shchutska, L. ORCID icon
Vesterbacka Olsson, M. L.
Wallny, R.
Zhu, D. H.
Amsler, C.
Botta, C. ORCID icon
Brzhechko, D.
Canelli, M. F. ORCID icon
De Cosa, A.
Del Burgo, R.
Kilminster, B. ORCID icon
Leontsinis, S. ORCID icon
Mikuni, V. M.
Neutelings, I.
Rauco, G.
Robmann, P.
Schweiger, K. ORCID icon
Takahashi, Y. ORCID icon
Wertz, S. ORCID icon
Kuo, C. M.
Lin, W.
Roy, A.
Sarkar, T. ORCID icon
Yu, S. S.
Chang, P.
Chao, Y.
Chen, K. F.
Chen, P. H.
Hou, W.-S. ORCID icon
Li, Y. y.
Lu, R.-S.
Paganis, E.
Psallidas, A.
Steen, A.
Asavapibhop, B. ORCID icon
Asawatangtrakuldee, C.
Srimanobhas, N.
Suwonjandee, N.
Bat, A. ORCID icon
Boran, F.
Celik, A.
Damarseckin, S.
Demiroglu, Z. S. ORCID icon
Dolek, F.
Dozen, C.
Dumanoglu, I.
Gokbulut, G.
Guler, Y.
Gurpinar Guler, E.
Hos, I.
Isik, C.
Kangal, E. E.
Kara, O.
Kayis Topaksu, A. ORCID icon
Kiminsu, U. ORCID icon
Onengut, G.
Ozdemir, K.
Simsek, A. E.
Tok, U. G.
Turkcapar, S.
Zorbakir, I. S. ORCID icon
Zorbilmez, C.
Isildak, B.
Karapinar, G.
Yalvac, M.
Atakisi, I. O.
Gülmez, E. ORCID icon
Kaya, M.
Kaya, O.
Özçelik, Ö.
Tekten, S.
Yetkin, E. A. ORCID icon
Cakir, A. ORCID icon
Cankocak, K.
Komurcu, Y.
Sen, S. ORCID icon
Cerci, S.
Kaynak, B.
Ozkorucuklu, S.
Sunar Cerci, D.
Grynyov, B.
Levchuk, L. ORCID icon
Bhal, E.
Bologna, S.
Brooke, J. J. ORCID icon
Burns, D. ORCID icon
Clement, E. ORCID icon
Cussans, D.
Flacher, H. ORCID icon
Goldstein, J. ORCID icon
Heath, G. P.
Heath, H. F. ORCID icon
Kreczko, L. ORCID icon
Krikler, B. ORCID icon
Paramesvaran, S.
Sakuma, T. ORCID icon
Seif El Nasr-Storey, S.
Smith, V. J.
Taylor, J.
Titterton, A.
Bell, K. W.
Belyaev, A. ORCID icon
Brew, C. ORCID icon
Brown, R. M.
Cockerill, D. J. A.
Coughlan, J. A.
Harder, K.
Harper, S.
Linacre, J. ORCID icon
Manolopoulos, K. ORCID icon
Newbold, D. M. ORCID icon
Olaiya, E. ORCID icon
Petyt, D.
Reis, T. ORCID icon
Schuh, T.
Shepherd-Themistocleous, C. H.
Thea, A. ORCID icon
Tomalin, I. R.
Williams, T.
Bainbridge, R. ORCID icon
Bloch, P.
Bonomally, S.
Borg, J. ORCID icon
Breeze, S.
Buchmuller, O.
Bundock, A. ORCID icon
Chahal, G. S.
Colling, D.
Dauncey, P. ORCID icon
Davies, G.
Della Negra, M. ORCID icon
Everaerts, P. ORCID icon
Hall, G. ORCID icon
Iles, G.
Komm, M. ORCID icon
Langford, J.
Lyons, L.
Magnan, A.-M.
Malik, S. ORCID icon
Martelli, A. ORCID icon
Milosevic, V. ORCID icon
Morton, A. ORCID icon
Nash, J. ORCID icon
Palladino, V. ORCID icon
Pesaresi, M.
Raymond, D. M.
Richards, A.
Rose, A.
Scott, E. ORCID icon
Seez, C.
Shtipliyski, A.
Stoye, M.
Strebler, T. ORCID icon
Tapper, A. ORCID icon
Uchida, K.
Virdee, T. ORCID icon
Wardle, N. ORCID icon
Webb, S. N.
Winterbottom, D.
Zecchinelli, A. G.
Zenz, S .C.
Cole, J. E. ORCID icon
Hobson, P. R. ORCID icon
Khan, A.
Kyberd, P. ORCID icon
Mackay, C. K.
Reid, I. D. ORCID icon
Teodorescu, L.
Zahid, S.
Brinkerhoff, A. ORCID icon
Call, K.
Caraway, B.
Dittmann, J.
Hatakeyama, K.
Madrid, C.
McMaster, B.
Pastika, N.
Smith, C.
Bartek, R. ORCID icon
Dominguez, A. ORCID icon
Uniyal, R.
Vargas Hernandez, A. M.
Buccilli, A. ORCID icon
Cooper, S. I.
Gleyzer, S. V. ORCID icon
Henderson, C.
Rumerio, P.
West, C.
Albert, A. ORCID icon
Arcaro, D.
Demiragli, Z.
Gastler, D.
Hazen, E.
Richardson, C.
Rohlf, J.
Sperka, D.
Spitzbart, D. ORCID icon
Suarez, I.
Sulak, L.
Zou, D.
Benelli, G.
Burkle, B. ORCID icon
Coubez, X.
Cutts, D. ORCID icon
Duh, Y. t.
Hadley, M.
Heintz, U.
Hogan, J. M. ORCID icon
Kwok, K. H. M.
Laird, E.
Landsberg, G. ORCID icon
Lau, K. T.
Lee, J.
Narain, M.
Sagir, S. ORCID icon
Syarif, R. ORCID icon
Usai, E. ORCID icon
Wong, W. Y.
Yu, D.
Zhang, W.
Band, R.
Brainerd, C. ORCID icon
Breedon, R.
Calderon De La Barca Sanchez, M. ORCID icon
Chertok, M.
Conway, J. ORCID icon
Conway, R.
Cox, P. T.
Erbacher, R.
Flores, C.
Funk, G.
Jensen, F.
Ko, W.
Kukral, O.
Lander, R.
Mulhearn, M.
Pellett, D.
Pilot, J.
Shi, M.
Taylor, D. ORCID icon
Tos, K.
Tripathi, M. ORCID icon
Wang, Z.
Zhang, F.
Bachtis, M.
Bravo, C. ORCID icon
Cousins, R. ORCID icon
Dasgupta, A.
Florent, A. ORCID icon
Hauser, J. ORCID icon
Ignatenko, M.
Mccoll, N.
Nash, W. A.
Regnard, S. ORCID icon
Saltzberg, D. ORCID icon
Schnaible, C.
Stone, B.
Valuev, V.
Burt, K.
Chen, Y.
Clare, R. ORCID icon
Gary, J. W. ORCID icon
Ghiasi Shirazi, S. M. A.
Hanson, G.
Karapostoli, G.
Long, O. R. ORCID icon
Manganelli, N.
Olmedo Negrete, M.
Paneva, M. I.
Si, W.
Wimpenny, S.
Yates, B. R. ORCID icon
Zhang, Y.
Branson, J. G.
Chang, P.
Cittolin, S.
Cooperstein, S.
Deelen, N.
Derdzinski, M.
Duarte, J.
Gerosa, R. ORCID icon
Gilbert, D. ORCID icon
Hashemi, B.
Klein, D. ORCID icon
Krutelyov, V. ORCID icon
Letts, J. ORCID icon
Masciovecchio, M.
May, S.
Padhi, S.
Pieri, M. ORCID icon
Sharma, V.
Tadel, M.
Würthwein, F. ORCID icon
Yagil, A. ORCID icon
Zevi Della Porta, G. ORCID icon
Amin, N.
Bhandari, R. ORCID icon
Campagnari, C.
Citron, M.
Dutta, V.
Incandela, J. ORCID icon
Marsh, B.
Mei, H.
Ovcharova, A.
Qu, H. ORCID icon
Richman, J.
Sarica, U. ORCID icon
Stuart, D.
Wang, S.
Anderson, D. ORCID icon
Bornheim, A. ORCID icon
Cerri, O. ORCID icon
Dutta, I.
Lawhorn, J. M. ORCID icon
Lu, N.
Mao, J.
Newman, H. B. ORCID icon
Nguyen, T. Q. ORCID icon
Pata, J.
Spiropulu, M. ORCID icon
Vlimant, J. R. ORCID icon
Xie, S. ORCID icon
Zhang, Z. ORCID icon
Zhu, R. Y. ORCID icon
Alison, J.
Andrews, M. B.
Ferguson, T. ORCID icon
Mudholkar, T.
Paulini, M. ORCID icon
Sun, M.
Vorobiev, I.
Weinberg, M.
Cumalat, J. P.
Ford, W. T. ORCID icon
MacDonald, E.
Mulholland, T.
Patel, R.
Perloff, A. ORCID icon
Stenson, K. ORCID icon
Ulmer, K. A. ORCID icon
Wagner, S. R. ORCID icon
Alexander, J.
Cheng, Y.
Chu, J.
Datta, A.
Frankenthal, A. ORCID icon
Mcdermott, K. ORCID icon
Patterson, J. R. ORCID icon
Quach, D. ORCID icon
Ryd, A.
Tan, S. M.
Tao, Z.
Thom, J.
Wittich, P. ORCID icon
Zientek, M.
Abdullin, S. ORCID icon
Albrow, M. D. ORCID icon
Alyari, M.
Apollinari, G.
Apresyan, A. ORCID icon
Apyan, A. ORCID icon
Banerjee, S.
Bauerdick, L. A. T. ORCID icon
Beretvas, A. ORCID icon
Berry, D. ORCID icon
Berryhill, J. ORCID icon
Bhat, P. C.
Burkett, K.
Butler, J. N.
Canepa, A.
Cerati, G. B. ORCID icon
Cheung, H. W. K. ORCID icon
Chlebana, F.
Cremonesi, M.
Elvira, V. D. ORCID icon
Freeman, J.
Gecse, Z.
Gottschalk, E. ORCID icon
Gray, L.
Green, D.
Grünendahl, S. ORCID icon
Gutsche, O. ORCID icon
Hanlon, J.
Harris, R. M. ORCID icon
Hasegawa, S.
Heller, R.
Hirschauer, J. ORCID icon
Jayatilaka, B. ORCID icon
Jindariani, S.
Johnson, M.
Joshi, U.
Klijnsma, T.
Klima, B. ORCID icon
Kortelainen, M. J. ORCID icon
Kreis, B. ORCID icon
Lammel, S. ORCID icon
Lewis, J.
Lincoln, D. ORCID icon
Lipton, R.
Liu, M.
Liu, T.
Lykken, J.
Maeshima, K.
Marraffino, J. M. ORCID icon
Mason, D.
McBride, P. ORCID icon
Merkel, P.
Mrenna, S. ORCID icon
Nahn, S.
O'Dell, V.
Papadimitriou, V.
Pedro, K. ORCID icon
Peña, C. ORCID icon
Ravera, F. ORCID icon
Reinsvold Hall, A. ORCID icon
Ristori, L. ORCID icon
Schneider, B. ORCID icon
Sexton-Kennedy, E. ORCID icon
Smith, N.
Soha, A. ORCID icon
Spalding, W. J. ORCID icon
Spiegel, L.
Stoynev, S. ORCID icon
Strait, J. ORCID icon
Taylor, L. ORCID icon
Tkaczyk, S.
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Abstract

At the start of Run 2 in 2015, the LHC delivered proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. During Run 2 (years 2015–2018) the LHC eventually reached a luminosity of 2.1× 10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹, almost three times that reached during Run 1 (2009–2013) and a factor of two larger than the LHC design value, leading to events with up to a mean of about 50 simultaneous inelastic proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing (pileup). The CMS Level-1 trigger was upgraded prior to 2016 to improve the selection of physics events in the challenging conditions posed by the second run of the LHC. This paper describes the performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger upgrade during the data taking period of 2016–2018. The upgraded trigger implements pattern recognition and boosted decision tree regression techniques for muon reconstruction, includes pileup subtraction for jets and energy sums, and incorporates pileup-dependent isolation requirements for electrons and tau leptons. In addition, the new trigger calculates high-level quantities such as the invariant mass of pairs of reconstructed particles. The upgrade reduces the trigger rate from background processes and improves the trigger efficiency for a wide variety of physics signals.

Additional Information

© 2020 CERN for the benefit of the CMS collaboration. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 17 June 2020; Accepted 20 August 2020; Published 19 October 2020. We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voorWetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research and Innovation Foundation, Cyprus; the Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via PRG780, PRG803 and PRG445 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives / CEA, France; the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy — EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" — 390833306, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Ministry of Science of Montenegro; the Mexican Funding Agencies (BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center, Poland; the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017–2020, research project IDI-2018-000174 del Principado de Asturias, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain; the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science— EOS"—be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 02.a03.21.0005 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program and "Nauka" Project FSWW-2020-0008 (Russia); the Programa de Excelencia María de Maeztu, and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF, and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University, and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

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Created:
August 22, 2023
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