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Published January 15, 2021 | public
Journal Article

Wearable electrochemical biosensors in North America

Abstract

Tremendous research and commercialization efforts around the world are focused on developing novel wearable electrochemical biosensors that can noninvasively and continuously screen for biochemical markers in body fluids for the prognosis, diagnosis and management of diseases, as well as the monitoring of fitness. Researchers in North America are leading the development of innovative wearable platforms that can comfortably comply to the human body and efficiently sample fluids such as sweat, interstitial fluids, tear and saliva for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers through various sensing approaches such as potentiometric ion selective electrodes and amperometric enzymatic sensors. We start this review with a historical timeline overviewing the major milestones in the development of wearable electrochemical sensors by North American institutions. We then describe how such research efforts have led to pioneering developments and are driving the advancement and commercialization of wearable electrochemical sensors: from minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors for chronic disease management to non-invasive sweat electrolyte sensors for dehydration monitoring in fitness applications. While many countries across the globe have contributed significantly to this rapidly emerging field, their contributions are beyond the scope of this review. Furthermore, we share our perspective on the promising future of wearable electrochemical sensors in applications spanning from remote and personalized healthcare to wellness.

Additional Information

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Received 28 May 2020, Revised 18 October 2020, Accepted 19 October 2020, Available online 26 October 2020. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant 5R21NR018271 the Translational Research Institute for Space Health through NASA NNX16AO69A, NASA Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC20M0167 (Caltech) and the Center of Wearable Sensors at University of California San Diego (UCSD). Author contributions: J.M., J.R.S., and H.T. contributed equally. All the authors co-wrote the paper. The authors declare that they have no known financial or personal competing interests that could have influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional details

Created:
August 22, 2023
Modified:
October 20, 2023