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Published July 26, 2016 | Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

A Wearable Electrochemical Platform for Noninvasive Simultaneous Monitoring of Ca^(2+) and pH

Abstract

Homeostasis of ionized calcium in biofluids is critical for human biological functions and organ systems. Measurement of ionized calcium for clinical applications is not easily accessible due to its strict procedures and dependence on pH. pH balance in body fluids greatly affects metabolic reactions and biological transport systems. Here, we demonstrate a wearable electrochemical device for continuous monitoring of ionized calcium and pH of body fluids using a disposable and flexible array of Ca^(2+) and pH sensors that interfaces with a flexible printed circuit board. This platform enables real-time quantitative analysis of these sensing elements in body fluids such as sweat, urine, and tears. Accuracy of Ca^(2+) concentration and pH measured by the wearable sensors is validated through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique and a commercial pH meter, respectively. Our results show that the wearable sensors have high repeatability and selectivity to the target ions. Real-time on-body assessment of sweat is also performed, and our results indicate that calcium concentration increases with decreasing pH. This platform can be used in noninvasive continuous analysis of ionized calcium and pH in body fluids for disease diagnosis such as primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones.

Additional Information

© 2016 American Chemical Society. Received 16 June 2016. Date accepted 5 July 2016. Published online 5 July 2016. Published in print 26 July 2016. This work at the University of California, Berkeley was supported by NSF Nanomanufacturing Systems for Mobile Computing and Energy Technologies (NASCENT) Center and at Stanford University was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant no. P01 HG000205. The sensor fabrication was performed in the Electronic Materials (E-MAT) laboratory funded by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Material Sciences and Engineering Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. K.C. acknowledges support from the Robert N. Noyce Fellowship in Microelectronics. The authors thank H.W.W.N. for her assistance.

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