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Published February 1, 2017 | Supplemental Material + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

Mapping effective connectivity in the human brain with concurrent intracranial electrical stimulation and BOLD-fMRI

Abstract

Background: Understanding brain function requires knowledge of how one brain region causally influences another. This information is difficult to obtain directly in the human brain, and is instead typically inferred from resting-state fMRI. New method: Here, we demonstrate the safety and scientific promise of a novel and complementary approach: concurrent electrical stimulation and fMRI (es-fMRI) at 3 T in awake neurosurgical patients with implanted depth electrodes. Results: We document the results of safety testing, actual experimental setup, and stimulation parameters, that safely and reliably evoke activation in distal structures through stimulation of amygdala, cingulate, or prefrontal cortex. We compare connectivity inferred from the evoked patterns of activation with that estimated from standard resting-state fMRI in the same patients: while connectivity patterns obtained with each approach are correlated, each method produces unique results. Response patterns were stable over the course of 11 min of es-fMRI runs. Comparison with existing method: es-fMRI in awake humans yields unique information about effective connectivity, complementing resting-state fMRI. Although our stimulations were below the level of inducing any apparent behavioral or perceptual effects, a next step would be to use es-fMRI to modulate task performances. This would reveal the acute network-level changes induced by the stimulation that mediate the behavioral and cognitive effects seen with brain stimulation. Conclusions: es-fMRI provides a novel and safe approach for mapping effective connectivity in the human brain in a clinical setting, and will inform treatments for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders that use deep brain stimulation.

Additional Information

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Received 20 September 2016; Received in revised form 22 November 2016; Accepted 20 December 2016; Available online 21 December 2016. Support for this work was provided by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01-DC04290), National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024979), and an NIMH Conte Center (P50MH094258). We thank Haiming Chen, Phillip Gander, Rick Reale for assistance with conducting the experiments, and Jeremy Greenlee, Goldie Boone, Julien Dubois, Swaloop Guntapalli and Tim Tierney for helpful discussion. We thank our patients for their contribution.

Attached Files

Accepted Version - nihms839694.pdf

Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf

Supplemental Material - mmc2.pdf

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Additional details

Created:
August 22, 2023
Modified:
October 24, 2023