Epitaxy: Programmable Atom Equivalents Versus Atoms
Abstract
The programmability of DNA makes it an attractive structure-directing ligand for the assembly of nanoparticle (NP) superlattices in a manner that mimics many aspects of atomic crystallization. However, the synthesis of multilayer single crystals of defined size remains a challenge. Though previous studies considered lattice mismatch as the major limiting factor for multilayer assembly, thin film growth depends on many interlinked variables. Here, a more comprehensive approach is taken to study fundamental elements, such as the growth temperature and the thermodynamics of interfacial energetics, to achieve epitaxial growth of NP thin films. Both surface morphology and internal thin film structure are examined to provide an understanding of particle attachment and reorganization during growth. Under equilibrium conditions, single crystalline, multilayer thin films can be synthesized over 500 × 500 μm2 areas on lithographically patterned templates, whereas deposition under kinetic conditions leads to the rapid growth of glassy films. Importantly, these superlattices follow the same patterns of crystal growth demonstrated in atomic thin film deposition, allowing these processes to be understood in the context of well-studied atomic epitaxy and enabling a nanoscale model to study fundamental crystallization processes. Through understanding the role of epitaxy as a driving force for NP assembly, we are able to realize 3D architectures of arbitrary domain geometry and size.
Additional Information
© 2016 American Chemical Society. ACS AuthorChoice - This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Received: September 29, 2016; Accepted: November 23, 2016; Publication Date (Web): December 5, 2016. This work was supported by the following awards: AFOSR FA9550-11-1-0275 and FA9550-12-1-0280; the Department of Defense National Security Science and Engineering Faculty Fellowship N00014-15-1-0043; and the Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science (CBES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under award DE-SC0000989-0002. This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation's (NSF) MRSEC program (DMR-1121262) and made use of its Shared Facilities at the Materials Research Center of Northwestern University, specifically the EPIC facility of the NUANCE Center, which also receives support from the Soft and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental (SHyNE) Resource (NSF NNCI-1542205). X-ray experiments were carried out at beamline 12-ID-B at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. EBL was performed at the Kavli Nanoscience Institute's shared instrumentation center. FIB-SEM was performed at the Shared Experimental Facilities supported in part by the MRSEC Program of the NSF (DMR-1419807). M.X.W. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, a Ryan Fellowship, and the Northwestern University International Institute for Nanotechnology. S.E.S. acknowledges support from the Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Sciences Fellowship and the Northwestern University International Institute for Nanotechnology. Y.K. acknowledges support from a Ryan Fellowship and the Northwestern University International Institute for Nanotechnology. M.X.W. and S.E.S. contributed equally. The authors declare no competing financial interest.Attached Files
Published - acsnano.6b06584
Supplemental Material - nn6b06584_si_001.pdf
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 72602
- DOI
- 10.1021/acsnano.6b06584
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20161206-142155188
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
- FA9550-11-1-0275
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
- FA9550-12-1-0280
- National Security Science and Engineering Faculty Fellowship
- N00014-15-1-0043
- Department of Energy (DOE)
- DE-SC0000989-0002
- NSF
- DMR-1121262
- NSF
- NNCI-1542205
- Department of Energy (DOE)
- DE-AC02-06CH11357
- NSF
- DMR-1419807
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
- Ryan Fellowship
- Northwestern University
- Created
-
2016-12-06Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
-
2021-11-11Created from EPrint's last_modified field
- Caltech groups
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute