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Published March 2015 | Published
Journal Article Open

Noninvasive photoacoustic microscopy of methemoglobin in vivo

Abstract

Due to the various causes of methemoglobinemia and its potential to be confused with other diseases, in vivo measurements of methemoglobin have significant applications in the clinic. Using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), we quantified the average and the distributed percentage of methemoglobin both in vitro and in vivo. Based on the absorption spectra of methemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin, three wavelengths were chosen to differentiate methemoglobin from the others. The methemoglobin concentrations calculated from the photoacoustic signals agreed well with the preset concentrations. Then we imaged the methemoglobin percentage in microtubes that mimicked blood vessels. Average percentages calculated for five samples with different methemoglobin concentrations also agreed well with the preset values. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of PAM to detect methemoglobin in vivo in a mouse ear. Our results show that PAM can quantitatively image methemoglobin distribution in vivo.

Additional Information

© 2015 SPIE. Paper 140818R received Dec. 9, 2014; accepted for publication Feb. 20, 2015; published online Mar. 11, 2015. The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions made by the reviewers of this manuscript, by Professor James Ballard and by Professor Sandra Matteucci at Washington University in St. Louis. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants DP1 EB016986, R01 CA186567, U01 NS090579, R01 EB016963, R01 EB010049, R01 CA157277, S10 RR028864, S10 RR026922, and R01 CA159959 as well as National Science Foundation grant 1255930. L.V.W. has a financial interest in Microphotoacoustics Inc., and Endra Inc., which, however, did not support this work.

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