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Published June 6, 2016 | Accepted Version + Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

Regulation of Meristem Morphogenesis by Cell Wall Synthases in Arabidopsis

Abstract

The cell walls of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), containing the stem cell niche that gives rise to the above-ground tissues, are crucially involved in regulating differentiation. It is currently unknown how these walls are built and refined or their role, if any, in influencing meristem developmental dynamics. We have combined polysaccharide linkage analysis, immuno-labeling, and transcriptome profiling of the SAM to provide a spatiotemporal plan of the walls of this dynamic structure. We find that meristematic cells express only a core subset of 152 genes encoding cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs). Systemic localization of all these GT mRNAs by in situ hybridization reveals members with either enrichment in or specificity to apical subdomains such as emerging flower primordia, and a large class with high expression in dividing cells. The highly localized and coordinated expression of GTs in the SAM suggests distinct wall properties of meristematic cells and specific differences between newly forming walls and their mature descendants. Functional analysis demonstrates that a subset of CSLD genes is essential for proper meristem maintenance, confirming the key role of walls in developmental pathways.

Additional Information

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Received: March 11, 2016; Revised: March 24, 2016; Accepted: April 11, 2016; Published: May 19, 2016. The authors wish to thank Zachary Nimchuk for advice on reporter construction, Arun Sampathkumar for help with 3D visualization of the GALT31A reporter, and Lisa Willis for help with spherical cap calculations. V.C. is a recipient of a Thailand Research Fund grant for new researchers (grant TRG5880067) and a research supplement grant from the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University. C.T.B., M.S.D., and A.B. acknowledge the support of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (grant CE110001007). E.M.M. acknowledges support from the Gatsby Charitable Trust through fellowships GAT3272/C and GAT3273-PR1, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (through grant GBMF3406), and U.S. Department of Energy (through award DE-FG02-99ER13873). A.P. acknowledges support of the EU Marie-Curie FP7 COFUND People Programme through the award of an AgreenSkills (grant 267196). R.W. acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust (grant RPG-2015-285). Author Contributions: W.Y. and R.W. generated the cell wall preparations and carried out morphological analysis of the csld mutants; W.Y. carried out the RNA in situ hybridizations with the help of C.S. and R.W.; C.S. prepared the RNA-seq libraries and carried out the GO analysis; C.S. and V.C. processed the RNA-seq data; C.T.B., A.B., and M.S.D. carried out the linkage analysis and calculated the polysaccharide composition; A.P. devised and performed the cell wall immuno-labeling protocols; R.W. and M.S.D. carried out the literature searches, identified meristem glycosyltransferases, and amalgamated the chemical and expression data; W.Y. and R.W. prepared the figures; and R.W., M.S.D., E.M.M., and A.B. devised the project and wrote the manuscript with contributions from the remaining authors.

Attached Files

Accepted Version - nihms812306.pdf

Supplemental Material - mmc1.pdf

Supplemental Material - mmc2.xlsx

Supplemental Material - mmc3.xlsx

Supplemental Material - mmc4.xlsx

Supplemental Material - mmc5.xlsx

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