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Published November 20, 2015 | Published + Submitted
Journal Article Open

SOFIA/FORCAST Observations of Warm Dust in S106: A Fragmented Environment

Abstract

We present mid-IR (19–37 μm) imaging observations of S106 from SOFIA/FORCAST, complemented with IR observations from Spitzer/IRAC (3.6–8.0 μm), IRTF/MIRLIN (11.3 and 12.5 μm), and Herschel/PACS (70 and 160 μm). We use these observations, observations in the literature, and radiation transfer modeling to study the heating and composition of the warm (~100 K) dust in the region. The dust is heated radiatively by the source S106 IR, with little contributions from grain–electron collisions and Lyα radiation. The dust luminosity is ≳(9.02 ± 1.01) × 10^4 L_⊙, consistent with heating by a mid- to late-type O star. We find a temperature gradient (~75–107 K) in the lobes, which is consistent with a dusty equatorial geometry around S106 IR. Furthermore, the SOFIA observations resolve several cool (~65–70 K) lanes and pockets of warmer (~75–90 K) dust in the ionization shadow, indicating that the environment is fragmented. We model the dust mass as a composition of amorphous silicates, amorphous carbon, big grains, very small grains, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We present the relative abundances of each grain component for several locations in S106.

Additional Information

© 2015 American Astronomical Society. Received 2015 April 28; accepted 2015 October 14; published 2015 November 17. We thank the SOFIA ground crew, flight crew, and Mission Operations for their successful execution of the SOFIA observations. We also thank an anonymous referee for making suggestions that led to the improvement of this paper. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA science mission operations are conducted jointly by the Universities Space Research Association, Inc. (USRA), under NASA contract NAS2-97001, and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract 50 OK 0901. Financial support for FORCAST was provided to Cornell by NASA through award 8500-98-014 issued by USRA. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by JPL/Caltech under NASA contract 1407. This work is based in part on observations made with Herschel, a European Space Agency Cornerstone Mission with significant participation by NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. R.D.G. acknowledges support from NASA and the United States Air Force. Facilities: Spitzer - Spitzer Space Telescope satellite, SOFIA - Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, Herschel - European Space Agency's Herschel space observatory.

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Submitted - 1510.04360v1.pdf

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August 20, 2023
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October 25, 2023