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Published October 21, 2015 | Published + Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

Reorganization of sea urchin gene regulatory networks at least 268 million years ago as revealed by oldest fossil cidaroid echinoid

Abstract

Echinoids, or sea urchins, are rare in the Palaeozoic fossil record, and thus the details regarding the early diversification of crown group echinoids are unclear. Here we report on the earliest probable crown group echinoid from the fossil record, recovered from Permian (Roadian-Capitanian) rocks of west Texas, which has important implications for the timing of the divergence of crown group echinoids. The presence of apophyses and rigidly sutured interambulacral areas with two columns of plates indicates this species is a cidaroid echinoid. The species, Eotiaris guadalupensis, n. sp. is therefore the earliest stem group cidaroid. The occurrence of this species in Roadian strata pushes back the divergence of cidaroids and euechinoids, the clades that comprise all living echinoids, to at least 268.8 Ma, ten million years older than the previously oldest known cidaroid. Furthermore, the genomic regulation of development in echinoids is amongst the best known, and this new species informs the timing of large-scale reorganization in echinoid gene regulatory networks that occurred at the cidaroid-euechinoid divergence, indicating that these changes took place by the Roadian stage of the Permian.

Additional Information

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Received: 11 May 2015; Accepted: 28 September 2015; Published online: 21 October 2015. This project was funded by U. S. National Science Foundation Grant IOS1240626 to ED and DB. We thank K Hollis, S. Wing, and D. Levin for help with USNM specimens. A. J. West was also instrumental in making Supplementary Figure S1 and A. Kroh is thanked for his taxonomic expertise. Contributions: J.T. described specimens. J.T., E.P., E.D. and D.B. interpreted the data. J.T. and E.P. made the figures. J.T., E.P., E.D., E.E., F.G. and D.B. wrote the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Created:
August 20, 2023
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October 25, 2023