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Published September 2006 | Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

Sulfation patterns of glycosaminoglycans encode molecular recognition and activity

Abstract

Although glycosaminoglycans contribute to diverse physiological processes, an understanding of their molecular mechanisms has been hampered by the inability to access homogeneous glycosaminoglycan structures. Here, we assembled well-defined chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using a convergent, synthetic approach that permits installation of sulfate groups at precise positions along the carbohydrate backbone. Using these defined structures, we demonstrate that specific sulfation motifs function as molecular recognition elements for growth factors and modulate neuronal growth. These results provide both fundamental insights into the role of sulfation and direct evidence for a 'sulfation code' whereby glycosaminoglycans encode functional information in a sequence-specific manner analogous to that of DNA, RNA and proteins.

Additional Information

© 2006 Nature Publishing Group. Received 24 March 2006; Accepted 6 July 2006; Published online 30 July 2006. We thank V.W.T. Kam for assistance with modifying the Dreiding force field; R.H. Grubbs for the catalyst; C.J. Rogers for assistance with data analysis; J.L. Riechmann, director of the Millard and Muriel Jacobs Genetic and Genomics Laboratory at Caltech, for assistance with printing the microarrays; S. Ou in the Caltech Monoclonal Antibody Facility; and the Biological Imaging Center and Environmental Analysis Center at Caltech for instrumentation. This work was supported by the American Cancer Society (RSG-05-106-01-CDD), Human Frontiers Science Program, Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (14RT-0034), National Institutes of Health (RO1 NS045061, C.I.G. and L.C.H.-W.), National Science Foundation (S.E.T.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Created:
August 19, 2023
Modified:
October 20, 2023