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Published December 2015 | Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

The Neural Representation of Voluntary Task-Set Selection in Dynamic Environments

Abstract

When choosing actions, humans have to balance carefully between different task demands. On the one hand, they should perform tasks repeatedly to avoid frequent and effortful switching between different tasks. On the other hand, subjects have to retain their flexibility to adapt to changes in external task demands such as switching away from an increasingly difficult task. Here, we developed a difficulty-based choice task to investigate how subjects voluntarily select task-sets in predictably changing environments. Subjects were free to choose 1 of the 3 task-sets on a trial-by-trial basis, while the task difficulty changed dynamically over time. Subjects self-sequenced their behavior in this environment while we measured brain responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using multivariate decoding, we found that task choices were encoded in the medial prefrontal cortex (dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, dmPFC, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dACC). The same regions were found to encode task difficulty, a major factor influencing choices. Importantly, the present paradigm allowed us to disentangle the neural code for task choices and task difficulty, ensuring that activation patterns in dmPFC/dACC independently encode these 2 factors. This finding provides new evidence for the importance of the dmPFC/dACC for task-selection and motivational functions in highly dynamic environments.

Additional Information

© 2014 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press. First published online: July 17, 2014. David Wisniewski and Carlo Reverberi contributed equally to this work. This work was supported by the Bernstein Computational Neuroscience Program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant reference 01GQ1001C), the German Research Foundation (Exc 257 NeuroCure, DFG Grant KFO247, and DFG Grant SFB 940), and the Berlin School of Mind and Brain. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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