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Published December 13, 2013 | Published + Submitted
Journal Article Open

Out of equilibrium temperature from holography

Abstract

We define an effective temperature and study its properties for a class of out-of-equilibrium steady states in a heat bath. Our analysis is based on the anti-de Sitter spacetime/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence, and examples include systems driven by applied electric fields and branes dragged in plasmas. We found that the effective temperature can be lower than that of the heat bath and that the out-of-equilibrium noise can be smaller than that in equilibrium. We show that a generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation relation holds for the effective temperature. In particular, we generalize the Johnson-Nyquist relation for a large electric field.

Additional Information

© 2013 American Physical Society. Received 4 October 2013; published 13 December 2013. We thank S. S. Gubser, C. P. Herzog, A. Karch, E. Kiritsis, K. Kobayashi, H. Liu, S. Sasa, T. Takayanagi, D. Teaney and Y. Utsumi for discussions and comments. The work of H. O. is supported in part by U.S. DOE Grant No. DE-FG03-92-ER40701, the Simons Foundation, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C-23540285, and the WPI Initiative of MEXT of Japan. He also thanks the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics and the National Science Foundation, which supports the Center under Grant No. PHY-1066293, and of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics. The work of S. N. was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas No. 2104, and Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research No. 23654132.

Attached Files

Published - PhysRevD.88.126003.pdf

Submitted - 1309.4089v2.pdf

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Created:
August 19, 2023
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October 25, 2023