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Published December 8, 2006 | Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

Enzyme-free nucleic acid logic circuits

Abstract

Biological organisms perform complex information processing and control tasks using sophisticated biochemical circuits, yet the engineering of such circuits remains ineffective compared with that of electronic circuits. To systematically create complex yet reliable circuits, electrical engineers use digital logic, wherein gates and subcircuits are composed modularly and signal restoration prevents signal degradation. We report the design and experimental implementation of DNA-based digital logic circuits. We demonstrate AND, OR, and NOT gates, signal restoration, amplification, feedback, and cascading. Gate design and circuit construction is modular. The gates use single-stranded nucleic acids as inputs and outputs, and the mechanism relies exclusively on sequence recognition and strand displacement. Biological nucleic acids such as microRNAs can serve as inputs, suggesting applications in biotechnology and bioengineering.

Additional Information

© 2006 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Received for publication 14 July 2006. Accepted for publication 13 November 2006. We thank N. Dabby for a very close reading of this paper and extensive revisions. B. Yurke built the custom fluorometer used for these experiments, and we are further indebted to him for inspiration and advice. G.S. was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Center for Biological Circuit Design at the California Institute of Technology, and the NSF grant CHE-0533065 (Chemical Bonding Center) to M. N. Stojanovic. E.W. acknowledges NSF awards no. 0093846 and no. 0506468, and Human Frontier Science Program award no. RGY0074/2006-C.D.S. and D.Y.Z. were partially supported by a National Institute of Mental Health Training Grant to the Computation and Neural Systems option at the California Institute of Technology. D.Y.Z. was partially supported by a California Institute of Technology Grubstake award.

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August 19, 2023
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October 23, 2023