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Published May 2009 | Erratum + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

Abstract

Immunological dysregulation is the cause of many non-infectious human diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. In this Review we discuss findings indicating that developmental aspects of the adaptive immune system are influenced by bacterial colonization of the gut. We also highlight the molecular pathways that mediate host–symbiont interactions that regulate proper immune function. Finally, we present recent evidence to support that disturbances in the bacterial microbiota result in dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, and this may underlie disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. This raises the possibility that the mammalian immune system, which seems to be designed to control microorganisms, is in fact controlled by microorganisms.

Additional Information

© 2009 Nature Publishing Group. Published online 3 April 2009. We thank members of the Mazmanian laboratory for their critical review of the manuscript. We apologize to those whose work could not be mentioned owing to space limitations and the scope of the manuscript, in particular the vast clinical data on inflammatory bowel disease. J.L.R is a Merck Fellow of the Jane Coffin Child's Memorial Fund. S.K.M. is a Searle Scholar. Work in our laboratory is supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, USA, Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation and the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America to S.K.M.

Errata

Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 313–323 (2009) published online 30 April 2009; corrected after print 17 July 2009. In the version of this article initially published, references for table 2 were missing. See Erratum at http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/nri2614

Attached Files

Accepted Version - nihms-525429.pdf

Erratum - nri2614-pt1-erratum.ppt

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