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Published August 15, 2009 | Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

Molecular and tissue interactions governing induction of cranial ectodermal placodes

Abstract

Whereas neural crest cells are the source of the peripheral nervous system in the trunk of vertebrates, the "ectodermal placodes," together with neural crest, form the peripheral nervous system of the head. Cranial ectodermal placodes are thickenings in the ectoderm that subsequently ingress or invaginate to make important contributions to cranial ganglia, including epibranchial and trigeminal ganglia, and sensory structures, the ear, nose, lens, and adenohypophysis. Recent studies have uncovered a number of molecular signals mediating induction and differentiation of placodal cells. Here, we described recent advances in understanding the tissue interactions and signals underlying induction and neurogenesis of placodes, with emphasis on the trigeminal and epibranchial. Important roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors, Platelet Derived Growth Factors, Sonic Hedgehog, TGFβ superfamily members, and Wnts are discussed.

Additional Information

Copyright © 2009 Elsevier. Received 28 January 2009; revised 27 May 2009; accepted 28 May 2009. Available online 2 June 2009. We would like to thank Drs. Sonja McKeown and Sujata Bhattacharyya for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by NIH R01DE16459.

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