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A Novel Method for Studying Nucleated Pathways in Membranes: Development and Applications for Gene Delivery

Citation

Ting, Christina Lei (2013) A Novel Method for Studying Nucleated Pathways in Membranes: Development and Applications for Gene Delivery. Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/8FTH-8H35. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:08282012-110955629

Abstract

The development of a safe, selective, and efficient gene delivery system is key to the success of human gene therapy. In polymer-based gene delivery systems, biocompatible polymers electrostatically bind and condense the genetic material into protective nanoparticles. These nanoparticles must subsequently overcome several challenges, which remain poorly understood. In particular, once internalized by the cell, the nanoparticles are trapped inside a membrane-bound compartment called the endosome. In the proton sponge hypothesis, the buffering capacity of the polymers leads to an increase in osmotic pressure that eventually ruptures the endosomal membrane and releases the trapped nanoparticles.

To obtain a mechanistic understanding of the endosomal escape, we first develop a coarse-grained model to study the equilibrium interaction between a positively charged nanoparticle and a lipid membrane. Results indicate the existence of a pore with an inserted particle, whose metastability depends on the membrane tension and particle properties (size and charge). These pores are subsequently shown to lower the critical tension necessary for membrane rupture, thus possibly enhancing the release of the trapped genetic material from the endosome.

Next, we address the actual escape pathway, which is likely a thermally nucleated process and cannot be simulated directly or studied by equilibrium methods. Hence, we develop a novel method for studying minimum free energy paths in membranes. Our results indicate that thermally nucleated rupture may be an important factor for the low rupture strains observed in lipid membranes. Under the moderate tensions found in this regime, there are multiple pathways for crossing the membrane: (1) particle-assisted membrane rupture, (2) particle insertion into a metastable pore followed by translocation and membrane resealing, and (3) particle insertion into a metastable pore followed by membrane rupture. This suggests a direct role of the nanoparticle in the endosomal escape not previously envisioned in the proton sponge hypothesis, and illustrates the importance of having an induced tension on the membrane.

Finally, the methodology developed in this work represents the most advanced theoretical technique for describing nucleation pathways in soft condensed matter systems that also include hard-particle degrees of freedom. We expect the method to be useful for studying a wide range of nucleation phenomena beyond membrane systems, for example, in nanoparticle polymer composites.

Item Type:Thesis (Dissertation (Ph.D.))
Subject Keywords:membranes; biophysics; minimum free energy paths; nucleation; string method; gene delivery; endosomal escape
Degree Grantor:California Institute of Technology
Division:Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Major Option:Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
Thesis Availability:Public (worldwide access)
Research Advisor(s):
  • Wang, Zhen-Gang
Thesis Committee:
  • Rees, Douglas C. (chair)
  • Clemons, William M.
  • Davis, Mark E.
  • Wang, Zhen-Gang
Defense Date:27 August 2012
Record Number:CaltechTHESIS:08282012-110955629
Persistent URL:https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:08282012-110955629
DOI:10.7907/8FTH-8H35
Default Usage Policy:No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.
ID Code:7193
Collection:CaltechTHESIS
Deposited By: Christina Ting
Deposited On:30 Oct 2012 17:30
Last Modified:03 Oct 2019 23:56

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