A detection theory account of change detection
- Creators
- Wilken, Patrick
- Ma, Wei Ji
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that visual short-term memory (VSTM) has a storage limit of approximately four items. However, the type of high-threshold (HT) model used to derive this estimate is based on a number of assumptions that have been criticized in other experimental paradigms (e.g., visual search). Here we report findings from nine experiments in which VSTM for color, spatial frequency, and orientation was modeled using a signal detection theory (SDT) approach. In Experiments 1-6, two arrays composed of multiple stimulus elements were presented for 100 ms with a 1500 ms ISI. Observers were asked to report in a yes/no fashion whether there was any difference between the first and second arrays, and to rate their confidence in their response on a 1-4 scale. In Experiments 1-3, only one stimulus element difference could occur (T = 1) while set size was varied. In Experiments 4-6, set size was fixed while the number of stimuli that might change was varied (T = 1, 2, 3, and 4). Three general models were tested against the receiver operating characteristics generated by the six experiments. In addition to the HT model, two SDT models were tried: one assuming summation of signals prior to a decision, the other using a max rule. In Experiments 7-9, observers were asked to directly report the relevant feature attribute of a stimulus presented 1500 ms previously, from an array of varying set size. Overall, the results suggest that observers encode stimuli independently and in parallel, and that performance is limited by internal noise, which is a function of set size.
Additional Information
Copyright © 2004 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Received June 28, 2004; published December 29, 2004. This research was supported by the Rosamund Alcott Fellowship, California Institute of Technology (PW), the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Swartz Foundation (WJM), and National Institute of Mental Health and National Science Foundation grants to Christof Koch. We would like to thank Tamara Becher for running the initial version of Experiments 1-3 as a summer undergraduate research fellow (SURF). We also thank William Banks, Jochen Braun, Jon Driver, Miguel Eckstein, Farshad Moradi, John Palmer, William Prinzmetal, Ron Rensink, Dan Simons, and Preeti Verghese for helpful discussions and useful suggestions. Finally, we would like to thank Christof Koch for both the intellectual and practical support he offered us during our time as postdoctoral scholars within his laboratory. Commercial relationships: none.Files
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 7656
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:WILjov04
- Created
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2007-03-20Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
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2021-11-08Created from EPrint's last_modified field