Rates and Properties of Supernovae Strongly Gravitationally Lensed by Elliptical Galaxies in Time-domain Imaging Surveys
Abstract
Supernovae that are strongly gravitationally lensed (gLSNe) by elliptical galaxies are powerful probes of astrophysics and cosmology that will be discovered systematically by wide-field, high-cadence imaging surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Here we use pixel-level simulations that include observing strategy, target selection, supernova properties, and dust to forecast the rates and properties of gLSNe that ZTF and LSST will find. Applying the resolution-insensitive discovery strategy of Goldstein et al., we forecast that ZTF (LSST) can discover 0.02 (0.79) 91bg-like, 0.17 (5.92) 91T-like, 1.22 (47.84) Type Ia, 2.76 (88.51) Type IIP, 0.31 (12.78) Type IIL, and 0.36 (15.43) Type Ib/c gLSNe per year, with uncertainties dominated by uncertainties in the supernova rate. We also forecast that the surveys can discover at least 3.75 (209.32) Type IIn gLSNe per year, for a total of at least 8.60 (380.60) gLSNe per year under fiducial observing strategies. ZTF gLSNe have a median z_s = 0.9, z_l = 0.35, |μ_(tot) | = 30, Δt_(max) = 10 days, min(θ) = 0."25, and N_(img) = 4. LSST gLSNe are less compact and less magnified, with a median z_s = 1.0, z_l = 0.4, |μ_(tot) | = 6 , Δt_(max) = 25 days, min(θ) = 0."6, and N_(img) = 2. We develop a model of the supernova–host galaxy connection and find that the vast majority of gLSN host galaxies will be multiply imaged, enabling detailed constraints on lens models with sufficiently deep high-resolution imaging taken after the supernova has faded. We release the results of our simulations as catalogs at http://portal.nersc.gov/project/astro250/glsne/.
Additional Information
© 2019 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2018 September 26; revised 2019 April 30; accepted 2019 May 6; published 2019 July 1. D.A.G. gratefully acknowledges Masamune Oguri for sharing the glafic source code, which made the Monte Carlo simulations in this paper significantly more efficient, an anonymous referee for comments that significantly improved the clarity of the paper, Ravi Gupta for useful conversations about supernova host galaxies, Tom Collett for improving the deflector mass model, Eric Bellm for sharing his simulated ZTF survey, and Rollin Thomas and Shane Canon for assistance with shifter at NERSC. D.A.G. acknowledges support from Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51408.001-A. Support for program number HST-HF2-51408.001-A is provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy under NASA contract NAS5-26555. A.G. acknowledges funding from the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Agency. D.A.G. and P.E.N. acknowledge support from the DOE under grant DE-AC02-05CH11231, Analytical Modeling for Extreme-Scale Computing Environments. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.Attached Files
Published - Goldstein_2019_ApJS_243_6.pdf
Submitted - 1809.10147.pdf
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 97019
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20190710-074713434
- HST-HF2-51408.001-A
- NASA Hubble Fellowship
- NAS5-26555
- NASA
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish National Space Board (SNSB)
- DE-AC02-05CH11231
- Department of Energy (DOE)
- Created
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2019-07-10Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
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2021-11-16Created from EPrint's last_modified field