Highly luminous supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts. I. GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl in the context of stripped-envelope and superluminous supernovae

Creators: Kann, D. A.; Schady, P.; Olivares E., F.; Klose, S.; Rossi, A.; Perley, D. A.; Krühler, T.; Greiner, J.; Nicuesa Guelbenzu, A.; Elliott, J.; Knust, F.; Filgas, R.; Pian, E.; Mazzali, P.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Leloudas, G.; Afonso, P. M. J.; Delvaux, C.; Graham, J. F.; Rau, A.; Schmidl, S.; Schulze, S.; Tanga, M.; Updike, A. C.; Varela, K.

Abstract

Context. GRB 111209A, one of the longest gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) ever observed, is linked to SN 2011kl, which is the most luminous GRB supernova (SN) detected so far. Several lines of evidence indicate that this GRB-SN is powered by a magnetar central engine. Aims. We place SN 2011kl into the context of large samples of SNe, addressing in more detail the question of whether this GRB-SN could be radioactively powered, and whether it represents an extreme version of a GRB-SN or an underluminous superluminous SN (SLSN). Methods. We modelled SN 2011kl using SN 1998bw as a template and derived a bolometric light curve including near-infrared data. We compared the properties of SN 2011kl to literature results on stripped-envelope and SLSNe. Results. A comparison in the k, s context, i.e. comparing SN 2011kl to SN 1998bw templates in terms of luminosity and light-curve stretch, clearly shows SN 2011kl is the most luminous GRB-SN to date and is spectrally very dissimilar to other events because it is significantly bluer/hotter. Although SN 2011kl does not reach the classical luminosity threshold of SLSNe and evolves faster than any of these objects, it resembles SLSNe more than the classical GRB-associated broad-lined Type Ic SNe in several aspects. Conclusions. GRB 111209A was a very energetic event, both at early (prompt emission) and at very late (SN) times. We show in a companion publication that with the exception of the extreme duration, the GRB and afterglow parameters are in agreement with the known distributions for these parameters. SN 2011kl, on the other hand, is exceptional both in luminosity and spectral characteristics, indicating that GRB 111209A was likely not powered by a standard-model collapsar central engine, further supporting our earlier conclusions. Instead, it reveals the possibility of a direct link between GRBs and SLSNe.

Additional Information

© 2019 ESO. Article published by EDP Sciences. Received 22 June 2016; Accepted 4 March 2019; Published online 26 April 2019. DAK wishes to dedicate these works to his father, R.I.P. 20. 08. 2015. You are sorely missed by so many. DAK acknowledges Zach Cano, Massimiliano De Pasquale, Daniele Malesani, Antonio de Ugarte Postigo, Christina C. Thöne, Bing Zhang, Thomas Kampf, Cristiano Guidorzi, Raffaella Margutti, and Ting-Wan Chen for interesting discussions and helpful comments. DAK also thanks A. Sagues Carracedo for further information on the bolometric light curve of SN 2017iuk. DAK acknowledges financial support by the DFG Cluster of Excellence "Origin and Structure of the Universe," from MPE, from TLS, from the Spanish research project AYA 2014-58381-P, and from Juan de la Cierva Incorporación fellowship IJCI-2015-26153. We are indebted to Joe Lyman and Vicki Toy for supplying the bolometric light curves of GRB 120422A/SN 2012bz and GRB 130702A/SN 2013dx, respectively. SK, DAK, ARossi, and ANG acknowledge support by DFG grants Kl 766/16-1 and Kl 766/16-3, SSchmidl also acknowledges the latter. ARossi acknowledges support from the Jenaer Graduiertenakademie and by the project PRIN-INAF 2012 "The role of dust in galaxy evolution". TK acknowledges support by the DFG Cluster of Excellence Origin and Structure of the Universe, and by the European Commission under the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship Programme. RF acknowledges support from European Regional Development Fund-Project "Engineering applications of microworld physics" (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000766). DARK is funded by the DNRF. FOE acknowledges funding of his Ph.D. through the DAAD, and support from FONDECYT through postdoctoral grant 3140326. SSchulze acknowledges support from CONICYT-Chile FONDECYT 3140534, Basal-CATA PFB-06/2007, and Project IC120009 "Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)" of Iniciativa Científica Milenio del Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. SK, SSchmidl, and ANG acknowledge support by the Thüringer Ministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur under FKZ 12010-514. MN and PS acknowledge support by DFG grant SA 2001/2-1. ANG, DAK, ARossi and AU are grateful for travel funding support through MPE. Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware as well as personnel) was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester.

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