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Published July 1962 | Published
Journal Article Open

The Spin‐Statistics Theorem

Abstract

A derivation of the connection between spin and statistics is obtained for spin 0, ½, and 1 fields with arbitrary local interactions. The basis used is the Schwinger action principle, whose assumptions are specified; they include neither positive energy spectrum nor TCP invariance. The connection can be obtained without either of these two extra requirements in most cases. The remaining cases are characterized by non‐TCP invariant free Lagrangians and nonpositive definite free‐particle energies. Commutation relations among different fields are also briefly discussed by means of the action principle.

Additional Information

© 1962 American Institute of Physics. Supported in part by the National Science Foundation and United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The authors are indebted to J. Schwinger for pointing out the necessity of dealing with both possible representations of charged fields. Some of the results derived here had been obtained previously by him on a somewhat different basis (unpublished lecture notes). We also wish to thank G. Feinberg and S. S. Schweber for stimulating discussions.

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Created:
August 19, 2023
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October 19, 2023