No assembly required: mergers are mostly irrelevant for the growth of low-mass dwarf galaxies

Abstract

We investigate the merger histories of isolated dwarf galaxies based on a suite of 15 high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations, all with masses of M_(halo) ≈ 10^(10) M⊙ (and M⋆∼10^5−10^7 M_⊙) at z = 0, from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. The stellar populations of these dwarf galaxies at z = 0 are formed essentially entirely 'in situ': over 90 percent of the stellar mass is formed in the main progenitor in all but two cases, and all 15 of the galaxies have >70 percent of their stellar mass formed in situ. Virtually all galaxy mergers occur prior to z ∼ 3, meaning that accreted stellar populations are ancient. On average, our simulated dwarfs undergo five galaxy mergers in their lifetimes, with typical pre-merger galaxy mass ratios that are less than 1:10. This merger frequency is generally comparable to what has been found in dissipationless simulations when coupled with abundance matching. Two of the simulated dwarfs have a luminous satellite companion at z= 0. These ultra-faint dwarfs lie at or below current detectability thresholds but are intriguing targets for next-generation facilities. The small contribution of accreted stars makes it extremely difficult to discern the effects of mergers in the vast majority of dwarfs either photometrically or using resolved-star colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). The important implication for near-field cosmology is that star formation histories (SFHs) of comparably massive galaxies derived from resolved CMDs should trace the build-up of stellar mass in one main system across cosmic time as opposed to reflecting the contributions of many individual SFHs of merged dwarfs.

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