Size-Matched Radical Multivalency
Abstract
Persistent π-radicals such as MV^+• (MV refers to methyl viologen, i.e., N,Nꞌ-dimethyl-4,4ꞌ-bipyridinum) engage in weak radical-radical interactions. This phenomenon has been utilized recently in supramolecular chemistry with the discovery that MV+• and [cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)]2(+•) (CBPQT2(+•)) form a strong 1:1 host-guest complex [CBPQT⊂MV]3(+•). In this full paper, we describe the extension of radical-pairing-based molecular recognition to a larger, square-shaped diradical host, [cyclobis(paraquat-4,4ꞌ-biphenylene)]2(+•) (MS2(+•)). This molecular square was assessed for its ability to bind an isomeric series of possible diradical cyclophane guests, which consist of two radical viologen units that are linked by two ortho-, meta-, or para-xylylene bridges to provide different spacings between the planar radicals. UV-Vis-NIR measurements reveal that only the m-xylylene-linked isomer (m-CBPQT2(+•)) binds strongly inside of MS2(+•), resulting in the formation of a tetra-radical complex [MS⊂m-CBPQT]4(+•). Titration experiments and variable temperature UV-Vis-NIR and EPR spectroscopic data indicate that, relative to the smaller tris-radical complex [CBPQT⊂MV]3(+•), the new host-guest complex forms with a more favorable enthalpy change that is offset by a greater entropic penalty. As a result, the association constant (Ka = (1.12+/- 0.08) x 10^5 M^(-1)) for [MS⊂m-CBPQT]4(+•) is similar to that previously determined for [CBPQT⊂MV]3(+•). The (super)structures of MS2(+•), m-CBPQT2(+•), and [MS⊂m-CBPQT]4(+•) were examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements and DFT calculations. The solid-state and computational structural analyses reveal that m-CBPQT2(+•) is ideally sized to bind inside of MS2(+•). The solid-state superstructures also indicate that localized radical-radical interactions in m-CBPQT2(+•) and [MS⊂m-CBPQT]4(+•) disrupt the extended radical-pairing interactions that are common in crystals of other viologen radical cations. Lastly, the formation of [MS⊂m-CBPQT]4(+•) was probed by cyclic voltammetry, demonstrating that the radical states of the cyclophanes are stabilized by the radical-pairing interactions.
Additional Information
© 2017 American Chemical Society. Received: September 20, 2016; Published: February 7, 2017. This research is part of the Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN) at King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) and Northwestern University (NU). The authors would like to thank both KACST and NU for their continued support of this research. Computational investigations were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant no. EFRI-1332411 (W.A. Goddard III and T. Cheng). Electron paramagnetic resonance studies were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant no. CHE-1565925 (M.R. Wasielewski). Y. Wu thanks the Fulbright Scholar Program for a Fellowship and the NU International Institute of Nanotechnology for a Ryan Fellowship. The authors declare no competing financial interest.Attached Files
Accepted Version - jacs_2E6b09892.pdf
Supplemental Material - ja6b09892_si_001.pdf
Supplemental Material - ja6b09892_si_002.cif
Supplemental Material - ja6b09892_si_003.cif
Supplemental Material - ja6b09892_si_004.cif
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 74220
- DOI
- 10.1021/jacs.6b09892
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20170211-114652730
- King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology
- Northwestern University
- EFRI-1332411
- NSF
- CHE-1565925
- NSF
- Fulbright Foundation
- Created
-
2017-02-13Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
-
2021-11-11Created from EPrint's last_modified field