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Published November 2016 | Submitted + Supplemental Material + Published
Journal Article Open

BPS counting for knots and combinatorics on words

Abstract

We discuss relations between quantum BPS invariants defined in terms of a product decomposition of certain series, and difference equations (quantum A-polynomials) that annihilate such series. We construct combinatorial models whose structure is encoded in the form of such difference equations, and whose generating functions (Hilbert-Poincaré series) are solutions to those equations and reproduce generating series that encode BPS invariants. Furthermore, BPS invariants in question are expressed in terms of Lyndon words in an appropriate language, thereby relating counting of BPS states to the branch of mathematics referred to as combinatorics on words. We illustrate these results in the framework of colored extremal knot polynomials: among others we determine dual quantum extremal A-polynomials for various knots, present associated combinatorial models, find corresponding BPS invariants (extremal Labastida-Mariño-Ooguri-Vafa invariants) and discuss their integrality.

Additional Information

© The Author(s) 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Article funded by SCOAP3. Received: August 24, 2016. Accepted: November 13, 2016. Published: November 21, 2016. We thank Markus Reineke and Marko Stošić for discussions on these and related topics. This work is supported by the ERC Starting Grant no. 335739 \Quantum fields and knot homologies" funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, and the Foundation for Polish Science.

Attached Files

Published - art_253A10.1007_252FJHEP11_25282016_2529120.pdf

Submitted - 1608.06600v1.pdf

Supplemental Material - 13130_2016_5060_MOESM1_ESM.nb

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