The physical and chemical structure of Sagittarius B2 I. Three-dimensional thermal dust and free-free continuum modeling on 100 au to 45 pc scales

Abstract

Context. We model the dust and free-free continuum emission in the high-mass star-forming region Sagittarius B2. Aims. We want to reconstruct the 3D density and dust temperature distribution, as a crucial input to follow-up studies of the gas velocity field and molecular abundances. Methods. We employ the 3D radiative transfer program RADMC-3D to calculate the dust temperature self-consistently, providing a given initial density distribution. This density distribution of the entire cloud complex is then recursively reconstructed, based on available continuum maps, including both single-dish and high-resolution interferometric maps that cover a wide frequency range (ν = 40 GHz−4 THz). The model covers spatial scales from 45 pc down to 100 au, i.e., a spatial dynamic range of 10^5. Results. We find that the density distribution of Sagittarius B2 can be reasonably well fitted by applying a superposition of spherical cores with Plummer-like density profiles. To reproduce the spectral energy distribution, we position Sgr B2(N) along the line of sight behind the plane containing Sgr B2(M). We find that the entire cloud complex comprises a total gas mass of 8.0 × 10^6 M_⊙ within a diameter of 45 pc. This corresponds to an averaged gas density of 170 M_⊙ pc^(-3). We estimate stellar masses of 2400 M_⊙ and 20 700 M_⊙ and luminosities of 1.8 × 10^6 L_⊙ and 1.2 × 10^7 L_⊙ for Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M), respectively. We report H_2 column densities of 2.9 × 10^(24) cm^(-2) for Sgr B2(N) and 2.5 × 10^(24) cm^(-2) for Sgr B2(M) in a 40" beam. For Sgr B2(S), we derive a stellar mass of 1100 M_⊙, a luminosity of 6.6 × 10^5 L_⊙, and an H_2 column density of 2.2 × 10^(24) cm^(-2) in a 40" beam. We calculate a star formation efficiency of 5% for Sgr B2(N) and 50% for Sgr B2(M). This indicates that most of the gas content in Sgr B2(M) has already been converted to stars or dispersed.

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