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Published November 2006 | Supplemental Material
Journal Article Open

Time-lapse tracing of mitotic cell divisions in the early Xenopus embryo using microscopic MRI

Abstract

Mitotic cell division is a highly regulated cellular event in all organisms, but its direct visualization in the vertebrates is limited to animals with transparent embryos. Here, we report on the use of microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) to noninvasively observe mitotic cell division of early blastomeres in the optically opaque Xenopus laevis embryo. Due to intrinsic tissue contrast, cell nuclei can be directly visualized without the need for contrast enhancing labeling. By taking two-dimensional in vivo time-lapse image sequences, the karyokinesis of a blastomere is followed. Timing and orientation of the cleavages can be traced for five cell divisions to establish a cell lineage tree, including orientation and timing of the mitosis. This work demonstrates for the first time the use of MRI for the visualization of cell divisions and expands the experimental scope of the Xenopus embryo.

Additional Information

© 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Accepted 31 July 2006. Published online 6 September 2006. Grant sponsor: National Institutes of Health; Grant number: HD25390; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Grant number: PA 562/1-1. We thank Andrey Demyanenko for building the RF coil and Michael J. Tyszka for valuable discussions.

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