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Published December 2014 | Published + Submitted
Journal Article Open

Late-Stage Galaxy Mergers in Cosmos to z ~ 1

Abstract

The role of major mergers in galaxy and black hole formation is not well-constrained. To help address this, we develop an automated method to identify late-stage galaxy mergers before coalescence of the galactic cores. The resulting sample of mergers is distinct from those obtained using pair-finding and morphological indicators. Our method relies on median-filtering of high-resolution images to distinguish two concentrated galaxy nuclei at small separations. This method does not rely on low surface brightness features to identify mergers, and is therefore reliable to high redshift. Using mock images, we derive statistical contamination and incompleteness corrections for the fraction of late-stage mergers. The mock images show that our method returns an uncontaminated (<10%) sample of mergers with projected separations between 2.2 and 8 kpc out to z ~ 1. We apply our new method to a magnitude-limited (m_(FW 814) < 23) sample of 44,164 galaxies from the COSMOS HST/ACS catalog. Using a mass-complete sample with log M_* M_⊙ > 10.6 and 0.25 < z ⩽ 1.00, we find ~5% of systems are late-stage mergers. Correcting for incompleteness and contamination, the fractional merger rate increases strongly with redshift as Rmerge μ (1 + z)^(3.8±0.9), in agreement both with earlier studies and with dark matter halo merger rates. Separating the sample into star-forming and quiescent galaxies shows that the merger rate for star-forming galaxies increases strongly with redshift, (1 + z)^(4.5±1.3), while the merger rate for quiescent galaxies is consistent with no evolution, (1 + z)^(1.1±1.2). The merger rate also becomes steeper with decreasing stellar mass. Limiting our sample to galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts from zCOSMOS, we find that the star formation rates and X-ray selected active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in likely late-stage mergers are higher by factors of ~2 relative to those of a control sample. Combining our sample with more widely separated pairs, we find that 8 ± 5% of star formation and 20 ± 8% of AGN activity are triggered by close encounters (<143 kpc) or mergers, providing additional evidence that major mergers are not the only channels for star formation and black hole growth.

Additional Information

© 2014 American Astronomical Society. Received 2014 February 2; accepted 2014 August 24; published 2014 November 13. We thank the referee for insightful comments that greatly improved this work. We also thank Richard Massey and Kevin Bundy for helpful comments on a draft. This work was supported by the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. S.T. acknowledges support from the Lundbeck Foundation. The Dark Cosmology Centre is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research made use of APLpy, an open-source plotting package for Python hosted at http://aplpy.github.com

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Published - 1538-3881_148_6_137.pdf

Submitted - 1406.2327v1.pdf

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August 22, 2023
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October 18, 2023