Do we expect most AGN to live in discs?

Abstract

Recent observations have indicated that a large fraction of the low- to intermediate-luminosity AGN population lives in disc-dominated hosts, while the more luminous quasars live in bulge-dominated hosts (that may or may not be major merger remnants), in conflict with some previous model predictions. We therefore build and compare a semi-empirical model for AGN fuelling which accounts for both merger and non-merger 'triggering'. In particular, we show that the 'stochastic accretion' model – in which fuelling in disc galaxies is essentially a random process arising whenever dense gas clouds reach the nucleus – provides a good match to the present observations at low/intermediate luminosities. However, it falls short of the high-luminosity population. We combine this with models for major merger-induced AGN fueling, which lead to rarer but more luminous events, and predict the resulting abundance of disc-dominated and bulge-dominated AGN host galaxies as a function of luminosity and redshift. We compile and compare observational constraints from z ∼ 0 to 2. The models and observations generically show a transition from disc to bulge dominance in hosts near the Seyfert-quasar transition, at all redshifts. 'Stochastic' fuelling dominates AGN by number (dominant at low luminosity), and dominates black hole (BH) growth below the 'knee' in the present-day BH mass function ( ≲ 10^7  M_⊙). However, it accounts for just ∼10 per cent of BH mass growth at masses ≳ 10^8  M_⊙. In total, fuelling in discy hosts accounts for ∼30 per cent of the total AGN luminosity density/BH mass density. The combined model also accurately predicts the AGN luminosity function and clustering/bias as a function of luminosity and redshift; however, we argue that these are not sensitive probes of BH fuelling mechanisms.

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