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Published August 21, 2012 | Published
Journal Article Open

A search for pre-substellar cores and proto-brown dwarf candidates in Taurus: multiwavelength analysis in the B213-L1495 clouds

Abstract

In an attempt to study whether the formation of brown dwarfs (BDs) takes place as a scaled-down version of low-mass stars, we conducted Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30 m/MAMBO-II observations at 1.2 mm in a sample of 12 proto-BD candidates selected from Spitzer/IRAC data in the B213-L1495 clouds in Taurus. Subsequent observations with the Caltech Submillimetre Observatory at 350 μm, Very Large Array at 3.6 and 6 cm, and IRAM 30 m/EMIR in the ^(12)CO (1–0), ^(13)CO (1–0) and N_(2)H^+ (1–0) transitions were carried out towards the two most promising Spitzer/IRAC source(s), J042118 and J041757. J042118 is associated with a compact (<10 arcsec or <1400 au) and faint source at 350 μm, while J041757 is associated with a partially resolved (∼16 arcsec or ∼2000 au) and stronger source emitting at centimetre wavelengths with a flat spectral index. The corresponding masses of the dust condensations are ∼1 and 5 M_Jup for J042118 and J041757, respectively. In addition, about 40 arcsec to the north-east of J041757, we detect a strong and extended submillimetre source, J041757-NE, which is not associated with near-infrared/far-infrared emission down to our detection limits, but is clearly detected in ^(13)CO and N2H+ at ∼7 km s^(−1), and for which we estimated a total mass of ∼100 M_Jup, close to the mass required to be gravitationally bound. In summary, our observational strategy has allowed us to find in B213-L1495 two proto-BD candidates and one pre-substellar core candidate, whose properties seem to be consistent with a scaled-down version of low-mass stars.

Additional Information

© 2012 The Authors. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2012 RAS. Accepted 2012 May 24. Received 2012 May 21; in original form 2012 March 20. Article first published online: 25 Jul. 2012. We thank the referee Thomas Henning for key comments and suggestions. AP is grateful to Attila Kovacs, Stephane Leon, Robert Zylka and Jean-François Lestrade for useful suggestions and help regarding the reduction of the CSO and IRAM 30 m data and to Álvaro Hacar, Mario Tafalla, Benjamín Montesinos, Rosario López, María Rosa Zapatero-Osorio, Almudena Alonso, Giovanni Miniutti, Tommy Wiklind and Violeta González for insightful discussions. AP and NH are grateful to Catarina Alves de Oliveira, Florian Rodler, Markus Schmalzl and Darren Dowel for kindly providing data for comparison and DB is grateful to Manuel Güdel for checking that the targets of this work have not been observed with Chandra and XMM. We thank Calar Alto Observatory and IRAM 30 m telescope for allocation of director's discretionary time to this programme. AP and IdG-M are supported by the Spanish MICINN grant AYA2008-06189-C03 (co-funded with FEDER funds) and AP is also supported by a JAE-Doc CSIC fellowship co-funded with the European Social Fund under the programme 'Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios'. This research has been partially funded by Spanish MICINN under the Consolider-CSD2006-00070, AYA2010-21161-C02-02 and PRICIT-S2009/ESP-1496 grants and by the Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission (FP7-COFUND). This publication makes use of VOSA, developed under the Spanish Virtual Observatory project supported from the Spanish MICINN through grant AyA2008-02156; of the SIMBAD data base, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France; of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some of the data reported in this paper were obtained as part of the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) Service Programme. The UKIRT is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the UK Social Fund.

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September 14, 2023
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