Herschel observations of embedded protostellar clusters in the Rosette molecular cloud
- Creators
- Hennemann, M.
- Ali, B.
Abstract
The Herschel OB young stellar objects survey (HOBYS) has observed the Rosette molecular cloud, providing an unprecedented view of its star formation activity. These new far-infrared data reveal a population of compact young stellar objects whose physical properties we aim to characterise. We compiled a sample of protostars and their spectral energy distributions that covers the near-infrared to submillimetre wavelength range. These were used to constrain key properties in the protostellar evolution, bolometric luminosity, and envelope mass and to build an evolutionary diagram. Several clusters are distinguished including the cloud centre, the embedded clusters in the vicinity of luminous infrared sources, and the interaction region. The analysed protostellar population in Rosette ranges from 0.1 to about 15 M_☉ with luminosities between 1 and 150 L_☉, which extends the evolutionary diagram from low-mass protostars into the high-mass regime. Some sources lack counterparts at near- to mid-infrared wavelengths, indicating extreme youth. The central cluster and the Phelps & Lada 7 cluster appear less evolved than the remainder of the analysed protostellar population. For the central cluster, we find indications that about 25% of the protostars classified as Class I from near- to mid-infrared data are actually candidate Class 0 objects. As a showcase for protostellar evolution, we analysed four protostars of low- to intermediate-mass in a single dense core, and they represent different evolutionary stages from Class 0 to Class I. Their mid- to far-infrared spectral slopes flatten towards the Class I stage, and the 160 to 70 μm flux ratio is greatest for the presumed Class 0 source. This shows that the Herschel observations characterise the earliest stages of protostellar evolution in detail.
Additional Information
© 2010 ESO. Received 31 March 2010; Accepted 2 May 2010; Published online 16 July 2010. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. SPIRE has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by Cardiff Univ. (UK) and including Univ. Lethbridge (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, LAM (France); IFSI, Univ. Padua (Italy); IAC (Spain); Stockholm Observatory (Sweden); Imperial College London, RAL, UCL-MSSL, UKATC, Univ. Sussex (UK); Caltech, JPL, NHSC, Univ. Colorado (USA). This development has been supported by national funding agencies: CSA (Canada); NAOC (China); CEA, CNES, CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); MCINN (Spain); SNSB (Sweden); STFC (UK); and NASA (USA). PACS has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by MPE (Germany) and including UVIE (Austria); KU Leuven, CSL, IMEC (Belgium); CEA, LAM (France); MPIA (Germany); INAF-IFSI/OAA/OAP/OAT, LENS, SISSA (Italy); IAC (Spain). This development has been supported by the funding agencies BMVIT (Austria), ESAPRODEX (Belgium), CEA/CNES (France), DLR (Germany), ASI/INAF (Italy), and CICYT/MCYT (Spain). Part of this work was supported by the ANR (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche) project "PROBeS", number ANR-08-BLAN-0241. We thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments.Attached Files
Published - Hennemann2010p11902Astron_Astrophys.pdf
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Additional details
- Eprint ID
- 20895
- Resolver ID
- CaltechAUTHORS:20101118-114849950
- Canadian Space Agency (CSA) (Canada)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (France)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) (France)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (France)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) (Italy)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIIN) (Spain)
- Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) (Sweden)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
- NASA
- Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (BMVIT) (Austria)
- European Space Agency-PROgramme for the Development of scientific EXperiments (ESA-PRODEX) (Belgium)
- Deutschland für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) (Germany)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana/Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (ASI/INAF)
- CICYT/MCYT (Spain)
- ANR-08-BLAN-0241
- Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)
- Created
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2010-11-18Created from EPrint's datestamp field
- Updated
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2021-11-09Created from EPrint's last_modified field